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[Bacillus thuringiensis: a biotechnology model].

Authors: Sanchis, Vincent; Lereclus, Didier;

[Bacillus thuringiensis: a biotechnology model].

Abstract

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) est une bactérie du sol, sporulante, Gram positif et aérobie facultative. Elle est connue depuis le début du siècle pour son activité insecticide contre les larves de certains Lépidoptères (ravageurs des cultures ou défoliateurs des forêts). Aujourd’hui, Bt est surtout connu pour être le microorganisme le plus largement utilisé comme biopesticide dans la protection des végétaux. La principale caractéristique de Bt est de synthétiser pendant la phase stationnaire, une inclusion cristalline, souvent appelée cristal, composée de protéines, appelées δ-endotoxines ou protéines Cry dont la plupart possèdent une activité Iarvicide et un spectre d’action bien délimité. Les formulations commerciales de Bt sont constituées de préparations de spores-cristaux obtenues à partir de cultures réalisées en fermenteurs, qui sont ensuite utilisées sous forme de granulés ou de poudres mouillables utilisables en pulvérisations. De plus, compte tenu de l’efficacité et de la spécificité de ces toxines, ainsi que de leur très grande innocuité vis-à-vis des végétaux, des animaux et d’insectes utiles comme les abeilles, les gènes cry de Bt ont été utilisés dans la construction de plantes transgéniques afin de leur conférer une résistance aux insectes. Depuis 15 ans environ, les propriétés insecticides de Bt ont motivé de nombreuses études qui ont principalement conduit au clonage de divers gènes cry, à la caractérisation du spectre d’activité de leur produit et à une meilleure compréhension de leur expression génétique. L’extension de l’utilisation des biopesticides et de plantes transgéniques rendue résistantes aux insectes (et donc leur succès) dépendra toutefois, en grande partie, de notre capacité à améliorer leurs performances (niveau d’activité, spectre d’action, persistance, stabilité des formulations), tout en répondant aux inquiétudes concernant les risques éventuels liés à l’utilisation d’organismes génétiquement modifiés et à la dissémination et/ou transfert de matériel génétique dans l’environnement. Dans ce contexte, nous avons construit des souches recombinantes de Bt asporogènes et possédant un spectre d’activité élargi et une meilleure toxicité, contre plusieurs ravageurs importants des cultures, que les souches naturelles dont elles dérivent. L’élimination des séquences d’ADN indésirables présentes sur les vecteurs ayant servi à construire ces souches recombinantes (origines de réplication fonctionnelles chez les bactéries à Gram négatif et gènes marqueurs de résistance aux antibiotiques) a été réalisée à l’aide d’une technique basée sur la recombinaison site-spécifique assurée par le transposon Tn4430, naturellement présent chez la plupart des souches de Bt. Les souches ainsi construites ne peuvent survivre dans la nature et ne contiennent pas d’ADN étranger à Bt; elles présentent donc une meilleure sécurité pour l’environnement que les souches naturelles de Bt dont elles sont issues.

This paper is on the different biotechnological approaches that have been used to improve Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for the control of agricultural insect pests and have contributed to the successful use of this biological control agent; it describes how a better knowledge of the high diversity of Bt strains and toxins genes together with the development of efficient host-vector systems has made it possible to overcome a number of the problems associated with Bt based insect control measures. First we present an overview of the biology of Bt and of the mode of action of its insecticidal toxins. We then describe some of the progress that has been made in furthering our knowledge of the genetics of Bt and of its insecticidal toxin genes and in the understanding of their regulation. The paper then deals with the use of recombinant DNA technology to develop new Bt strains for more effective pest control or to introduce the genes encoding partial-endotoxins directly into plants to produce insect-resistant trangenic plants. Several examples describing how biotechnology has been used to increase the production of insecticidal proteins in Bt or their persistence in the field by protecting them against UV degradation are presented and discussed. Finally, based on our knowledge of the mechanism of transposition of the Bt transposon Tn4430, we describe the construction of a new generation of recombinant strains of Bt, from which antibiotic resistance genes and other non-Bt DNA sequences were selectively eliminated, using a new generation of site-specific recombination vectors. In the future, continuing improvement of first generation products and research into new sources of resistance is essential to ensure the long-term control of insect pests. Chimeric toxins could also be produced so as to increase toxin activity or direct resistance towards a particular type of insect. The search for new insecticidal toxins, in Bt or other microorganisms, may also provide new weapons for the fight against insect damage.

Country
France
Keywords

Cell Membrane Permeability, Bacterial Toxins, Genetic Vectors, Bacillus thuringiensis, DNA, Recombinant, Genes, Insect, Hemolysin Proteins, Industrial Microbiology, Bacterial Proteins, Pest Control, Biological, Biotransformation, model, Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins, Genetic Variation, Agriculture, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Endotoxins, Intestines, TRANSFERT GENETIQUE, DNA Transposable Elements, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Genetic Engineering, biotechnology

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
1
Average
Average
Average
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