Almost all aspects of the teaching of English as a second language seem to be based on the performance of monolingual, native speakers. But there is considerable anecdotal and research evidence that successful bilingual have different grammatical and communicative representations of their second languages, and some research suggests that native speakers do not respond best to non-natives' use of native speaker forms. Erving Goffman has devised an analysis of moves in interactions which provides a helpful framework for bilingual-native speaker perceptions. Corollaries to this analysis help explain some apparent unsatisfactory native speaker reactions to certain bilingual performances.