AbstractRadiation‐use efficiency (RUE) is an important trait for raising biomass and yield potential in plant breeding. However, the effect of the planting system (PS) on genetic variation in RUE has not been previously investigated. Our objectives were to quantify genetic variation in RUE, biomass and grain yield in raised‐bed and flat‐basin planting systems, and associations with canopy‐architecture traits (flag‐leaf angle and curvature). Twelve spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were evaluated under irrigated conditions for 3 years in North West Mexico using raised‐bed and flat‐basin planting systems. Canopy architecture traits were measured at booting and anthesis + 7 days. Grain yield (10.6%), biomass (7.6%), and pre‐grain‐filling RUE (9.7%) were higher in raised beds than flat basins, while a significant planting system × genotype interaction was found for grain yield. Genetic variation in pre‐grain‐filling RUE was associated with biomass and grain yield in beds and basins. In flat basins, higher pre‐grain‐filling RUE was correlated with a more upright flag‐leaf angle but not in raised beds. In raised beds, cultivars with less upright flag‐leaf angle had greater fractional light interception pre‐anthesis. Taller semi‐dwarf cultivars intercepted relatively more radiation in the beds than the flats before anthesis, consistent with the taller cultivars showing relatively greater increases in yield in beds compared to flats. Our results indicated that the evaluation of genotypes for RUE and biomass in wheat breeding should take into account planting systems to capture genotype × PS effects. In addition, the results demonstrate how flag‐leaf angle has a different effect depending on the planting system.