The following scale items are taken and adapted, with permission, from the work of Stephen Evans (Evans, S., & Morrison, B. (2011). Meeting the challenges of English-medium higher education: The first-year experience in Hong Kong. English for Specific Purposes, 30(3), 198-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2011.01.001). The scale can be used in its entirety to capture challenges across all four skills, or researchers may wish to only use the items associated with each of the four skills (writing, reading, speaking, or listening). Research has shown each academic skill to constitute its own factor, and each factor to have very high reliability. Mean scores for each of the four skills can, therefore, be used for analysis in research.