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pmid: 36991188
pmc: PMC10060164
handle: 10230/58997 , 11351/11422 , 10459.1/464500 , 11370/82850120-15dd-4d80-9ded-90bd523c61ac , 11250/3064850 , 10852/102095 , 20.500.12831/12763 , 20.500.14243/461258 , 10316/106973 , 10216/151206 , 2078.1/273913 , 10576/42263 , 11250/3107080 , 11250/3064802 , 10447/619477 , 11449/247073 , 11379/603865 , 11386/4857328 , 11392/2526134 , 11568/1172305 , 20.500.12866/13365 , 11250/3064745 , 11585/956749 , 11250/3064754 , 20.500.11769/605850 , 2158/1350080 , 1854/LU-01GWSASXSYRMPVEWQBX2WG0WHN , 2318/1926034 , 10539/37733 , 1959.4/unsworks_83695 , 10044/1/102877
pmid: 36991188
pmc: PMC10060164
handle: 10230/58997 , 11351/11422 , 10459.1/464500 , 11370/82850120-15dd-4d80-9ded-90bd523c61ac , 11250/3064850 , 10852/102095 , 20.500.12831/12763 , 20.500.14243/461258 , 10316/106973 , 10216/151206 , 2078.1/273913 , 10576/42263 , 11250/3107080 , 11250/3064802 , 10447/619477 , 11449/247073 , 11379/603865 , 11386/4857328 , 11392/2526134 , 11568/1172305 , 20.500.12866/13365 , 11250/3064745 , 11585/956749 , 11250/3064754 , 20.500.11769/605850 , 2158/1350080 , 1854/LU-01GWSASXSYRMPVEWQBX2WG0WHN , 2318/1926034 , 10539/37733 , 1959.4/unsworks_83695 , 10044/1/102877
AbstractOptimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
Rural Population, Wachstum, 3125, growth and development, Africa, Northern/epidemiology, pituuskasvu, Global Health, Pediatrics, Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::/estadística & datos numéricos, Body Mass Index, Northern / epidemiology, asuinpaikat, Child development -- Variation, Cancer, anzsrc-for: 42 Health Sciences, Growth and Development*, Sub-Saharan Africa, adult, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa och socialmedicin, URBANIZATION, MALNUTRITION, kansainvälinen vertailu, Health Disparities, Oceania/epidemiology, Child, Preschool, fyysinen kehitys, Science & Technology - Other Topics, TRANSITION, central Asia, kaupungit, NAMED GROUPS::Persons::Age Groups::Child, Adolescent; Child; Humans; Male; Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology; Africa, Northern/epidemiology; Body Mass Index; Growth and Development; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data; Female; Child, Preschool; Young Adult; Middle East/epidemiology; Asia/epidemiology; Oceania/epidemiology; Body Height; Body Weight, 610, Pes corporal, lapset (ikäryhmät), Development, 3142, Jugendliche, Article, 303009 Ernährungswissenschaften, Asia/epidemiology, Oceania / epidemiology, Urban living, Omvårdnad, DENOMINACIONES DE GRUPOS::personas::Grupos de Edad::adolescente, Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine, North Africa, TRENDS, major clinical study, Growth, Children, Africa south of the Sahara, SALUD PÚBLICA::Estudios Poblacionales en Salud Pública::Población::Características de la Población::características de la residencia::Área urbana::población urbana, city, Urban Population* / statistics & numerical data, adolescence, urban living, urban, Middle East / epidemiology, 4406 Human Geography, Growth disorders, Growth, South Asia, HEIGHT, twenty first century, Africa, Northern, pituus, maaseutu, anzsrc-for: 44 Human Society, Underweight, painoindeksi, Multidisciplinary, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Multidisciplinary Sciences, PUBLIC HEALTH::Population Studies in Public Health::Population::Population Characteristics::Residence Characteristics::Urban Area::Urban Population, /dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/TheFacultyOfScience; name=Faculty of Science, Urban teenagers -- Growth, Growth and Development, Medicina y salud, Infants, Africa South of the Sahara / epidemiology, Asia, Adolescent, growth, Oceania, DENOMINACIONES DE GRUPOS::personas::Grupos de Edad::niño, Població urbana - Estadístiques, Middle East, children, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, Life Science, :Medicine [Science], Preschool, growth, development and aging, City children -- Growth, Body Weight, 02 Hambre cero, 42 Health Sciences, kasvuympäristö, 3111, body mass, 301, growth ; development ; children ; adolescents ; urban, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 303009 Nutritional sciences, Male, Urban Population, Social Sciences, Urban Population/statistics & numerical data, 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Adolescents, human experiment, nuoret, anzsrc-for: 4406 Human Geography, Child, Children, Body mass index, 44 Human Society, 02 Zero hunger, Child Health, ta3142, ADOLESCENCE, adolescents’ growth and development, VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Idrettsmedisinske fag: 850, Northern/epidemiology, Nutrition ; Public health ; Developing world ; Paediatric research, Health, NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), HEALTH, 330, Adolescent Health, Middle East/epidemiology, Nursing, Paediatric research, Social sciences, anzsrc-for: 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, human, /dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/TheFacultyOfScience, Africa Northern, Science & Technology, high income country, SALUD PÚBLICA::nutrición en salud pública::estado nutricional::evaluación nutricional::antropometría::índice de masa corporal, Kinder, ta3121, Inequality, NAMED GROUPS::Persons::Age Groups::Adolescent, Africa, 610 Medizin und Gesundheit, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, preschool child, Faculty of Science, Northern, adolescents, Pediatric, Developing world, ddc:610, child, Public health, article, Pacific islands, Pediatrik, residence characteristics, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, urban population, OBESITY, Rural Population / statistics & numerical data, epidemiology, Female, General Science & Technology, Well-being, PUBLIC HEALTH::Nutrition, Public Health::Nutritional Status::Nutrition Assessment::Anthropometry::Body Mass Index, rural area, Urbanisation, Eastern Europe, body weight, Young Adult, male, Other subheadings::Other subheadings::/statistics & numerical data, Adolescent, Sub-Saharan Africa, body mass, rural area, rural population, controlled study, 3125 Otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, rural population, Obesity, urban living, children, adolescents, growth, development, NCD-RisC; Urban living; Children;, Rural Population/statistics & numerical data, Sports and Exercise Medicine, Asia / epidemiology, General, development, Africa South of the Sahara, Nutrition, Liikuntalääketiede, Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology, Body Height, Ciências sociais, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, adolescent, 3111 Biomedicine, WEIGHT, ddc: ddc:610
Rural Population, Wachstum, 3125, growth and development, Africa, Northern/epidemiology, pituuskasvu, Global Health, Pediatrics, Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::/estadística & datos numéricos, Body Mass Index, Northern / epidemiology, asuinpaikat, Child development -- Variation, Cancer, anzsrc-for: 42 Health Sciences, Growth and Development*, Sub-Saharan Africa, adult, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa och socialmedicin, URBANIZATION, MALNUTRITION, kansainvälinen vertailu, Health Disparities, Oceania/epidemiology, Child, Preschool, fyysinen kehitys, Science & Technology - Other Topics, TRANSITION, central Asia, kaupungit, NAMED GROUPS::Persons::Age Groups::Child, Adolescent; Child; Humans; Male; Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology; Africa, Northern/epidemiology; Body Mass Index; Growth and Development; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data; Female; Child, Preschool; Young Adult; Middle East/epidemiology; Asia/epidemiology; Oceania/epidemiology; Body Height; Body Weight, 610, Pes corporal, lapset (ikäryhmät), Development, 3142, Jugendliche, Article, 303009 Ernährungswissenschaften, Asia/epidemiology, Oceania / epidemiology, Urban living, Omvårdnad, DENOMINACIONES DE GRUPOS::personas::Grupos de Edad::adolescente, Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine, North Africa, TRENDS, major clinical study, Growth, Children, Africa south of the Sahara, SALUD PÚBLICA::Estudios Poblacionales en Salud Pública::Población::Características de la Población::características de la residencia::Área urbana::población urbana, city, Urban Population* / statistics & numerical data, adolescence, urban living, urban, Middle East / epidemiology, 4406 Human Geography, Growth disorders, Growth, South Asia, HEIGHT, twenty first century, Africa, Northern, pituus, maaseutu, anzsrc-for: 44 Human Society, Underweight, painoindeksi, Multidisciplinary, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Multidisciplinary Sciences, PUBLIC HEALTH::Population Studies in Public Health::Population::Population Characteristics::Residence Characteristics::Urban Area::Urban Population, /dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/TheFacultyOfScience; name=Faculty of Science, Urban teenagers -- Growth, Growth and Development, Medicina y salud, Infants, Africa South of the Sahara / epidemiology, Asia, Adolescent, growth, Oceania, DENOMINACIONES DE GRUPOS::personas::Grupos de Edad::niño, Població urbana - Estadístiques, Middle East, children, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, Life Science, :Medicine [Science], Preschool, growth, development and aging, City children -- Growth, Body Weight, 02 Hambre cero, 42 Health Sciences, kasvuympäristö, 3111, body mass, 301, growth ; development ; children ; adolescents ; urban, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 303009 Nutritional sciences, Male, Urban Population, Social Sciences, Urban Population/statistics & numerical data, 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Adolescents, human experiment, nuoret, anzsrc-for: 4406 Human Geography, Child, Children, Body mass index, 44 Human Society, 02 Zero hunger, Child Health, ta3142, ADOLESCENCE, adolescents’ growth and development, VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Idrettsmedisinske fag: 850, Northern/epidemiology, Nutrition ; Public health ; Developing world ; Paediatric research, Health, NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), HEALTH, 330, Adolescent Health, Middle East/epidemiology, Nursing, Paediatric research, Social sciences, anzsrc-for: 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, human, /dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/TheFacultyOfScience, Africa Northern, Science & Technology, high income country, SALUD PÚBLICA::nutrición en salud pública::estado nutricional::evaluación nutricional::antropometría::índice de masa corporal, Kinder, ta3121, Inequality, NAMED GROUPS::Persons::Age Groups::Adolescent, Africa, 610 Medizin und Gesundheit, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, preschool child, Faculty of Science, Northern, adolescents, Pediatric, Developing world, ddc:610, child, Public health, article, Pacific islands, Pediatrik, residence characteristics, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, urban population, OBESITY, Rural Population / statistics & numerical data, epidemiology, Female, General Science & Technology, Well-being, PUBLIC HEALTH::Nutrition, Public Health::Nutritional Status::Nutrition Assessment::Anthropometry::Body Mass Index, rural area, Urbanisation, Eastern Europe, body weight, Young Adult, male, Other subheadings::Other subheadings::/statistics & numerical data, Adolescent, Sub-Saharan Africa, body mass, rural area, rural population, controlled study, 3125 Otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, rural population, Obesity, urban living, children, adolescents, growth, development, NCD-RisC; Urban living; Children;, Rural Population/statistics & numerical data, Sports and Exercise Medicine, Asia / epidemiology, General, development, Africa South of the Sahara, Nutrition, Liikuntalääketiede, Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology, Body Height, Ciências sociais, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, adolescent, 3111 Biomedicine, WEIGHT, ddc: ddc:610
| selected citations These citations are derived from selected sources. This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | 44 | |
| popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 1% | |
| influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | Top 10% | |
| impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 1% |
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