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The compositional variation of small bodies across the Solar System

Authors: Demeo, Francesca E.;

The compositional variation of small bodies across the Solar System

Abstract

Les petits corps sont des clés pour comprendre notre système solaire. L'étude de cette population nous donne en effet accès aux informations sur l'état et sur la structure du système solaire primordial et du système solaire actuel, ainsi que sur son évolution et sur les processus de formation des planètes. Connaître la composition de surface des petits corps nous fournit des ingrédients et des proportions pour cette recette cosmique. Cette thèse, qui inclut l'étude des petits corps du système solaire interne et externe, est dédiée à la compréhension de la tendance compositionnelle des corps à travers le système solaire en utilisant des mesures photométriques et spectroscopiques. Je présente une classification (taxonomie) dans les longueurs d'ondes du visible et du proche infrarouge (de 0.4 à 2.4 µm), basée sur les données spectrales de 371 astéroïdes. Cette taxonomie comprend 24 classes qui chacune caractérise au mieux les variations spectrales observées parmi les petits corps du système solaire interne. De part la création de cette taxonomie, nous apprenons qu'en analysant les données dans les longueurs d'ondes du visible uniquement, il reste des incertitudes sur la forme de la bande d'absorption à 1 micron. Bien que la gamme de longueur d'onde du proche infrarouge soit excellente pour interpréter les données incluant les bandes diagnostiques à 1 et 2 microns, les complexes C et X des spectres sans fortes bandes paraissent plutôt dégénérés dans ce régime. J'analyse les couleurs photométriques des 23 objets trans-neptuniens (OTN) et Centaures, parmi lesquels neuf n'avaient jamais été observés précédemment, et je leur assigne une classe taxonomique. Je discute des objets qui ont soit changé de classe depuis les données préalables soit changé considérablement de magnitude absolue. De plus, j'interprète la composition de surfaces de trois petits corps du système solaire externe, l'objet couplé avec Jupiter (52872) Okyrhoe et les OTNs (90482) Orcus et (73480) 2002 PN34 en modélisant des mesures spectroscopiques dans les gammes du visible et du proche infrarouge. Les spectres révèlent des variations de quantité de glace d'eau à la surface de ces corps. Pour Orcus j'apporte des contraintes approximatives sur la présence de matériaux plus volatiles que la glace d'eau. Ensuite, je présente une recherche de l'éthane solide, C2H6, sur les surfaces de Pluton et de Triton. Celle-ci est basée sur les observations spectrales dans les longueurs d'ondes du proche infrarouge. Je modélise chaque surface en utilisant un modèle de transfert radiatif fondé sur la théorie de Hapke (Hapke, 1993) de trois manières : sans éthane, avec de l'éthane pur, et avec de l'éthane dilué dans de l'azote. La présence de moins de quelques pourcents d'éthane sur chaque corps ne permet pas d'exclure ce composant de Triton et Pluton, cependant il n'y a pas non plus de forte détection. Finalement, je reconsidère la connaissance actuelle de la distribution compositionnelle des matériaux de notre système solaire en fournissant une vue globale des petits corps. Je me concentre particulièrement sur la présence de l'eau dans toutes ses phases qui est pertinente surtout pour notre propre planète, la Terre, et la vie. Je compare brièvement la structure générale de notre système solaire aux autres disques d'accrétion, afin de mettre en perspective la vue détaillée mais cependant étroite de notre système solaire avec celle, plus large mais à basse résolution, des autres systèmes planétaires.

Small bodies hold keys to our understanding of the Solar System. By studying these populations we seek the information on the conditions and structure of the primordial and current Solar System, its evolution, and the formation process of the planets. Constraining the surface composition of small bodies provides us with the ingredients and proportions for this cosmic recipe. This thesis, comprised of studies of inner and outer Solar System small bodies, is dedicated to understanding the compositional gradient across the Solar System through spectroscopic and photometric measurements. I present a taxonomy of visible and near-infrared spectral data based on 371 asteroid spectra. The taxonomy consists of 24 classes that best categorize the spectral variation seen among inner Solar System small bodies. From the creation of this taxonomy we learn that with only visible wavelength data there is uncertainty in shape of the 1-$\mu$m band. While near-infrared wavelength range is excellent for interpreting data containing diagnostic 1- and 2-$\mu$m bands, the more subtly featured C- and X-complexes appear to be largely degenerate in this wavelength regime. I analyze the photometric colors of 23 Transneptunian Objects and Centaurs, nine of which have never been previously observed, and assign them taxonomic classifications. I discuss objects that either have changed classes from previous data or have significant changes in absolute magnitude. Furthermore, I interpret the surface composition of three outer Solar System small bodies, Jupiter-coupled object (52872) Okyrhoe, and TNOs (90482) Orcus and (73480) 2002 PN$_{34}$, by modeling spectroscopic measurements in the visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges. The spectra reveal varying amounts of H$_2$O ice among these bodies. For Orcus I provide rough constraints for the presence of materials more volatile than water ice. I present a search for solid ethane, C$_2$H$_6$, on the surfaces of Pluto and Triton, based on near-infrared spectral observations. I model each surface using a radiative transfer model based on Hapke theory \citep{Hapke1993} with three basic models: without ethane, with pure ethane, and with ethane diluted in nitrogen. While the presence of less than a few percent of ethane cannot be excluded on both bodies, there is no strong detection on either. Finally, I review the current knowledge of the compositional distribution of material in our Solar System, providing the global view of small bodies. I particularly focus on the presence of water in all its phases which is especially pertinent our understanding of our own planet, Earth, and the life on it. I briefly compare the general structure of our Solar System to other imaged debris disks to put into perspective the detailed, though narrow, view of our own Solar System with the broad, low resolution view of others.

Country
France
Keywords

Objets Trans néputniens, Transneptunian Objects, Spectroscopie, Photométrie, Planetology, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Asteroids, Planétologie, Photometry, Plantétologie, Objets TYans Néptuniens, Centaures, [PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Centaurs, Asteroids, Transneptunian Objects, Centaurs, Kuiper Belt, Spectroscopy, Photometry, Spectroscopy, Observations, Astéroides

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This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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