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Abstract. The Indo-Pacific octocoral Xenia sp. has been reported as a successful invasive species of the Venezuelan coral reefs (Southeastern Caribbean Sea), and the first xeniid octocoral with such invasive properties. This taxon has been recently identified, and assigned to a new genus and combination as Unomia stolonifera. Since its first appearance there, it has dispersed along the shallow reefs, overgrowing any hard substrate, including corals and seagrass. Quantitative surveys revealed that U. stolonifera dominated all studied sites, featuring an average percentage cover of 30 - 80%, far above that of the native corals or any other benthic taxa. An inverse relationship exists between the loss of diversity and the reduction in coral cover. The spread of U. stolonifera in places where it has become established while displacing native benthic species and leads to a decrease in diversity and evenness of the benthic communities. Dispersal of the invasive along the reefs has been intensified by drifting colonies, by colonies settled on detached Thalassia testudinum fragments and, additionally, by colonies entangled on fish nets and consequently translocated. The present study explicitly demonstrates that this intensifying invasion is causing severe ecological damage to the Venezuelan reefs. Consequently, Unomia stolonifera, should be considered harmful invasive species that requires monitoring and management programs in the vicinity of already invaded reefs. The current study highlights the ecological consequences of this new invasive species. El octocoral invasivo Unomia stolonifera (Alcyonacea, Xeniidae) está dominando el bentos en el suroriente del Mar Caribe Resumen. El octocoral del Indo-Pacı́fico Xenia sp. fue registrado como una especie invasora exitosa en arrecifes de coral de Venezuela (sureste del Mar Caribe), y el primer octocoral de la Familia Xenidae con tales propiedades invasivas. Este taxa ha sido recientemente identificado, e incluido en un nuevo género y combinación como Unomia stolonifera. Desde su primera aparición, se ha dispersado rápidamente a lo largo de los arrecifes poco profundos, creciendo agresivamente sobre distintos tipos de sustratos, incluidos corales y pastos marinos. Nuestras evaluaciones determinaron que U. stolonifera dominó todos los sitios de estudio presentando porcentajes de cubertura de 30 - 80 %, muy superiores al de los organismos bentónicos nativos. En los lugares donde el invasor se ha establecido, las especies bentónicas nativas han sido desplazadas, lo que conlleva a una disminución de la diversidad y la equidad. La dispersión de U. stolonifera se ha intensificado debido al arrastre de fragmentos del coral por el fondo, por colonias asentadas sobre hojas de Thalassia testudinum desprendidas a la deriva y por las colonias enredadas en las redes de pesca. El estudio demuestra que esta agresiva especie invasora está causando severos daños ecológicos a los arrecifes en Venezuela. En consecuencia, Unomia stolonifera debe ser considerada un invasor perjudicial que requiere la implementación de urgentes programas de monitoreo y manejo en las zonas afectadas.
Cnidaria, Coral reefs, seagrass, daños al arrecife, change in community, reef damage, pastos marinos, arrecifes de coral, cambios en la comunidad, Venezuela
Cnidaria, Coral reefs, seagrass, daños al arrecife, change in community, reef damage, pastos marinos, arrecifes de coral, cambios en la comunidad, Venezuela
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