Map of Màndén, the Ghana and Mali empires, and Jùlá trade network. Includes original color and an adapted black and white version. Originally appeared in the following: Donaldson, Coleman. 2017. “Clear Language: Script, Register and the N’ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa.” Doctoral Dissertation, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA. https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI10681364/. Created with data from the following sources: Dalby, David. 1971. “Introduction: Distribution and Nomenclature of the Manding People and Their Language.” In Papers on the Manding, edited by Carleton Hodge, 3:1–13. African Series. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Publications. Launay, Robert. 1983. Traders Without Trade: Responses to Change in Two Dyula Communities. Cambridge University Press. Simonis, Francis. 2010. L’Afrique soudanaise au Moyen âge: le temps des grands empires (Ghana, Mali, Songhaï). Marseille: CRDP de l’académie d’Aix-Marseille. -- Blog: https://ajami.hypotheses.org/ Project: https://www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de/ajami/index_e.html

Research supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) - Projektnummer 344888349