Adult learning has emerged in most countries as a form of provision, especially for literacy and other 'basic skills'. In some cases, and in some countries, it was fully institutionalized, in others it remained much more marginal. In the EU Member States, government responsibility for adult learning varies, as does its legal status. There is also variability in the nature of institutions providing adult education. There are colleges, schools and universities in public, private and non-profit sectors, as well as for-profit enterprises, professional and industrial associations and enterprises that train their staff. As regards adult learning, there is a continuing concern that its learners and professionals lack the digital skills needed for the present and future.