Osteocephalus taurinus Steindachner, 1862 Type: NHMW 16492. Type locality: Barra do Rio Negro, Manaos, Amazonas, Brazil. Distribution: Region 5. Amazonian species, distributed in southern, central, and upper Amazon in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, and the Guianas. In Venezuela all populations known as O. taurinus must be revised. Jungfer et al. (2013) identified two candidate species under this name from Venezuela, one in NW Amazonas State, and another from the extreme south Amazonas State (Appendix 1). Jungfer et al. (2013) restricts the presence of O. taurinus sensu stricto out of Venezuela. However, populations of O. “taurinus ” from southeastern Venezuela would remain without identification. For now, authors restrict distribution of O. aff. taurinus to the lowlands and uplands of Bolívar State. Remarks: A well-recognized species complex. In Venezuela at least three putative species are reported under this name (Jungfer et al. 2013; Appendix 1). Selected references: Ginés (1959); Rivero (1961, 1964b); Trueb and Duellman (1971); Donnelly and Myers (1991); Duellman (1997); Gorzula and Señaris (1998); Lynch and Vargas-Ramírez (2000); Barrio-Amorós and Brewer-Carías (2008); Barrio-Amorós et al. (2011b); Jungfer et al. (2013); Señaris et al. (2014).

Published as part of Barrio-Amorós, César L., Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando J. M. & Señaris, J. Celsa, 2019, Catalogue of the amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and annotated species list, distribution, and conservation, pp. 1-198 in Amphibian & Reptile Conservation (e 180) (e 180) 13 (1) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11404264