Aspidistra yuelushanensis, a new species of Asparagaceae is described and illustrated from typical hilly red soil region in Hunan Province, central southern China. This novelty is similar to A. chishuiensis by sharing purplish-red and campanulate perianth, but differs from the latter by its stamens inserted at the base (vs. inserted at the middle) of perianth tube, filaments spreading horizontally or slightly upward and enlarged (vs. sessile), perianth lobes slightly outcurved (vs. slightly incurved). It also resembles A. tenuifolia and A. pingfaensis, but differs from the latter two in its leave blade elliptic-lanceolate (vs. narrowly long to ribbon-shaped and linear, respectively), stigma 5 (vs. 7–8 and 8–9, respectively) mm in diameter. A key to the species of Aspidistra in Hunan province is provided.