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A mechanistic molecular test of the plant-sanction hypothesis in legume–rhizobia mutualism

اختبار جزيئي ميكانيكي لفرضية جزاء النبات في التبادلية بين البقوليات والجذور
Authors: Diana E. Marco; Rebeca Pérez-Arnedo; Ángeles Hidalgo-Perea; José Olivares; José E. Ruiz‐Sainz; Juan Sanjuán;

A mechanistic molecular test of the plant-sanction hypothesis in legume–rhizobia mutualism

Abstract

L'origine et la persistance du mutualisme sont difficiles à expliquer en raison de la présence généralisée de partenaires exploiteurs et « tricheurs ». En tant que stratégie policière stabilisant la coopération intraspécifique, des sanctions de l'hôte contre les symbiotes tricheurs non-N2 ont été proposées pour stabiliser le mutualisme dans la symbiose légumineuse-rhizobium. Le mécanisme de pénalisation inclurait une diminution de la viabilité rhizobiale nodulaire et/ou une sénescence nodulaire précoce. Nous avons testé ces mécanismes potentiels de pénalisations dans des expériences de racines dédoublées en utilisant deux variétés de soja et deux souches rhizobiales, une souche coopérative normale fixatrice de N2 et un dérivé isogénique non fixateur. Nous n'avons trouvé aucune différence dans le nombre de rhizobiums viables récupérés des nodules et aucune expression différentielle d'un marqueur moléculaire de sénescence nodulaire. Ainsi, nos résultats ne supportent pas l'hypothèse de sanctions végétales agissant contre les rhizobiums tricheurs dans nos conditions expérimentales.

El origen y la persistencia del mutualismo es difícil de explicar debido a la aparición generalizada de socios explotadores y "tramposos". Como estrategia policial que estabiliza la cooperación intraespecífica, se han propuesto sanciones contra los simbiontes no N2 y tramposos para estabilizar el mutualismo en la simbiosis leguminosa-rhizobium. El mecanismo de las penalizaciones incluiría la disminución de la viabilidad rizobial nodular y/o la senescencia temprana de los nódulos. Probamos estos posibles mecanismos de penalización en experimentos de raíz dividida utilizando dos variedades de soja y dos cepas rizobiales, una cepa cooperativa normal de fijación de N2 y un derivado isogénico no fijador. No encontramos diferencias en el número de rizobios viables recuperados de los nódulos ni expresión diferencial de un marcador molecular de senescencia nodular. Por lo tanto, nuestros resultados no respaldan la hipótesis de que las sanciones vegetales actúen contra la rizobia tramposa en nuestras condiciones experimentales.

The origin and persistence of mutualism is difficult to explain because of the widespread occurrence of exploitative, 'cheating' partners. As a policing strategy stabilising intraspecific cooperation, host sanctions against non-N2 fixing, cheating symbionts have been proposed to stabilise mutualism in legume-rhizobium symbiosis. Mechanism of penalisations would include decreased nodular rhizobial viability and/or early nodule senescence. We tested these potential mechanisms of penalisations in split-root experiments using two soybean varieties and two rhizobial strains, a cooperative, normal N2-fixing strain and an isogenic non-fixing derivative. We found no differences in the number of viable rhizobia recovered from nodules and no differential expression of a nodular senescence molecular marker. Thus, our results do not support the hypothesis of plant sanctions acting against cheating rhizobia in our experimental conditions.

من الصعب تفسير أصل واستمرار التبادلية بسبب الانتشار الواسع للشركاء الاستغلاليين "الغشاشين". كاستراتيجية شرطية لتحقيق الاستقرار في التعاون داخل النوع، تم اقتراح عقوبات مضيفة ضد التكافل غير الغش في N2 لتحقيق الاستقرار في التكافل بين البقوليات والجذور. قد تشمل آلية العقوبات انخفاض الجدوى الجذرية العقيدية و/أو شيخوخة العقيدات المبكرة. اختبرنا هذه الآليات المحتملة للعقوبات في تجارب الجذر المنقسم باستخدام صنفين من فول الصويا وسلالتين جذريتين، وسلالة تعاونية طبيعية لتثبيت N2 ومشتق غير مثبت متساوي المنشأ. لم نجد أي اختلافات في عدد الجذوروبيا القابلة للحياة التي تم استردادها من العقيدات ولا يوجد تعبير تفاضلي للعلامة الجزيئية للشيخوخة العقدية. وبالتالي، فإن نتائجنا لا تدعم فرضية العقوبات النباتية التي تعمل ضد الغش الجذريات في ظروفنا التجريبية.

Country
Argentina
Keywords

Evolutionary biology, Plant-host sanctions, Plant Science, Rhizobia, Root nodule, Gene, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Importance of Mangrove Ecosystems in Coastal Protection, Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes, Plant Signaling, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6, Cheating, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4.1, Genetics, Legume–rhizobia mutualism, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1, Symbiosis, Biology, Mechanistic molecular test, Ecology, Bacteria, Mutualism (biology), Botany, Life Sciences, Fabaceae, Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Molecular Plant Pathology, Legume, FOS: Biological sciences, Environmental Science, Physical Sciences, Coevolution, Rhizobium

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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