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Exploring Whether and How Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Affect Reproductive Fitness inSenna mexicanavar.chapmanii(Fabaceae)

Authors: Ian M. Jones; Suzanne Koptur; Jorge E. Peña;

Exploring Whether and How Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Affect Reproductive Fitness inSenna mexicanavar.chapmanii(Fabaceae)

Abstract

Abstract Extrafloral nectar mediates food-for-protection mutualisms between plants and ants. Ant–plant mutualisms are keystone associations, occurring within a complex web of biotic interactions. As such, these interactions may affect plant fitness in a number of ways, both positive and negative. In Senna mexicana var. chapmanii (Isely) H. S. Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae), the presence of ants has been shown to reduce herbivory and increase fruit and seed set. These effects, however, are not the result of only one interaction but the balance of many. We conducted a field study to determine the processes by which ants affect reproductive fitness in S. chapmanii . Thirty plants were established in a semi-natural area adjacent to native pine rockland habitat in southern Florida. Ants were excluded from half of the plants by painting a sticky resin (Tanglefoot™) around the base of each stem. Over the course of a single flowering season (Oct–May), we observed the effects of ants on the activity of herbivores, predators, pollinators, and pre-dispersal seed predators. We also observed the overall effects of ants on plant size and reproductive output. Plants with ants were quicker to establish, grew larger, and produced floral displays that attracted more pollinators. Contrary to our expectations, relative pollinator efficiency and rates of pre-dispersal seed predation were unaffected by ants. In S. chapmanii , ants did not appear to affect the outcome of other plant–insect associations, but they affected the scale at which they occurred. Ants facilitated plant growth and establishment in S. chapmanii , with subsequent effects on reproductive investment. Resumen El nectar extrafloral interviene el mutualismo de alimento-para-proteccion entre plantas y hormigas. Los mutualismos de la hormiga-planta son asociaciones claves, que ocurren dentro de una red compleja de interacciones bioticas. Como tales, estas interacciones pueden afectar la aptitud de la planta de varias maneras, tanto positivas como negativas. En Senna mexicana var. chapmanii (Isely) H. S. Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae), se ha demostrado que la presencia de hormigas reduce la herbivoria y aumenta el numero de frutos y semillas. Estos efectos, sin embargo, no son el resultado de una sola interaccion sino el equilibrio de muchos. Realizamos un estudio de campo para determinar los procesos por los cuales las hormigas afectan la aptitud reproductiva en S. chapmanii . Se establecieron treinta plantas en un area semi-natural adyacente al habitat nativo rocoso de pino en el sur de la Florida. Se excluyeron las hormigas de la mitad de las plantas al pintar una resina pegajosa (Tanglefoot™) alrededor de la base de cada tallo. A lo largo de una sola temporada de floracion (octubre-mayo), observamos los efectos de las hormigas sobre la actividad de herbivoros, depredadores, polinizadores y predadores de semillas pre-dispersantes. Tambien observamos los efectos generales de las hormigas sobre el tamano de la planta y la produccion reproductiva. Las plantas con hormigas fueron mas rapidas de establecer, crecieron mas y produjeron muestras florales que atrajeron a mas polinizadores. Contrariamente a nuestras expectativas, la eficacia relativa de los polinizadores y las tasas de predacion de las semillas antes de la dispersion no fueron afectadas por las hormigas. En S. chapmanii , aparentemente las hormigas afectaron el resultado de otras asociaciones de plantas e insectos, pero afectaron la escala en la que ocurrieron. Las hormigas facilitaron el crecimiento y establecimiento de las plantas en S. chapmanii , con efectos subsecuentes sobre la inversion reproductiva. View this article in BioOne

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
7
Top 10%
Average
Average
gold