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İlk Devir Osmanlı İstanbul türbelerinde mimari plastik ve tezyinat

Authors: Doğanay, Aziz;

İlk Devir Osmanlı İstanbul türbelerinde mimari plastik ve tezyinat

Abstract

ABSTRACT In achitecture, Ottomans, apart from Seljukids have gave up the type of crypt and conical hat and developed the type of tomb with dome. This modification is reflected on the decoration of construction. The decoration program of early Istanbul tombs generally started to appear from the Bursa era. These tombs, which are not rich in terms of plan, have showed themselves in the searching of aesthetic proportion of building body. To give a monumental view to the building they applied two-storey window, by rising the body. The praying window (muvacehe) appeared in this period. When sides were shaded by profiled moldings, limited amounts of colored stones were used. Windowless hoop was tested in the first time and colonnade became an indispensable component. The portal with basket-handled arch has pioneered the Classical Era tombs. The main material of Istanbul style is stone. Mahmud Paşa Tomb has an exceptional place in terms of the use of glazed tile over the sides. In additeon to that, the tiles are moved inside. Malakârî technique in Ottoman tombs is firstly encountered in the tomb of Yavuz Sultan Selim. Decoration program, although it shows a lot of different types according to plan, can generally be evaluated under two groups: open and closed. Decorations concentrated on the sarcophaguses, tombstones, colonnades, doors and windows. An important part of tomb decoration also involves portable precious goods. In the early Ottoman art, Anatolian and Persian schools appeared as two main schools of painters. Ornaments were designed in harmony with structure and some ornaments and compositions were applied into whole materials.Ornaments have taken its inspirations from the nature. It is seen that plant-based ornaments were continuously developing. The cloud ornament is also added into them. The ornaments of rumi and hatayi are started to use on the common ground and in the same composition, and human and animal figures have been avoided. Geometrical decoration maintains its importance. Expressions, which are connected with the personality of the dead person, were written for giving advice and reminding death. Consequently the search of innovation, which has been started in Bursa, continued in Istanbul and tomb architecture that reached its zenith with Sinan, has acquired an aesthetic value. DC

ÖZET Osmanlılar mimarî alanda Selçuklulardan farklı yol izleyerek, serdaplı ve külahlı künbedlerden vazgeçip, kubbeli türbe tipini geliştirmişlerdir. Bu değişiklik, yapının tezyinatına da yansımıştır. İlk Devir İstanbul Türbeleri'nin tezyinat programı, Bursa döneminden itibaren belirmeye başlamıştır. Plan bakımından zengin olmayan İlk Devir İstanbul Türbeleri, kütledeki estetik nispet arayışlarıyla kendini göstermiştir. Abidevî görünüm sağlamak için gövde yükseltilip, çift sıra pencere uygulanmış ve muvacehe penceresi ortaya çıkmıştır. Cepheler, profilli silmelerle şekillenirken, sınırlı ölçüde renklitaş kullanılmıştır. Türbelerde revak vazgeçilmez unsur haline gelmiş, sağırkasnak ilk defa denenmiştir. Taçkapılar bursakemerli yaşmakla şekillenmiştir. İstanbul üslubunun asıl inşa malzemesi taştır. Cephelerinde kâşî kullanımı bakımından Mahmut Paşa Türbesi müstesna bir yere sahiptir. Çini bezeme yapının içine taşınmıştır. Osmanlı türbelerinde malakârî ilk kez Yavuz Sultan Selim Türbesi 'nde kullanılmıştır. Tezyinat programı plana göre değişse de, genel hatlarıyla açık ve kapalı türbelir olmak üzere iki grupta değerlendirilebilir. Bezemeler sandukalar, şâhideler, cepheler, revak, kapı ve pencerelerde belli esasa göre uygulanmıştır. Tezyinatın bir bölümünü de taşınabilir eşyalar oluşturmaktadır. İlk Devir Osmanlı sanatında, Rumî ve Acemî olmak üzere iki ayrı ekolden söz edilebilir. Nakışlar, strüktüre uyum sağlayacak şekilde düzenlenmiştir. Bütün malzemelere aynı nakış ve kompozisyonlar uygulanmıştır.Nakışlar konularını daha çok tabiattan almaktadırlar. Nebatî nakışların gelişerek arttığı görülmektedir. Bunların arasına bulut da katılmıştır. Rumî ve hatayîler aynı kompozisyonda ortak zeminde kullanılmaya başlamış, canlı tasvirlerden sakınılmıştır. Geometrik tezyinat önemini korumuştur. Ölümü hatırlatan, öğüt vermek için yazılmış ibareler, türbede yatan şahısla irtibatlandınlarak, tezyinata farklı bir hava kazandırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Bursa' da başlatılmış olan yenilik arayışları, İstanbul'da devam etmiş, Sinan'la kemâle erecek olan türbe mimarisi bu dönemde estetik bir değer kazanmıştır.

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Turkey
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Keywords

Süsleme, Art History, Tezyinat, Architectural decorations, Plastic arts, Ottoman art, Türbeler, Mimari, Ornamentations, Sanat Tarihi, Istanbul, Tombs, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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