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Ground-based HCN submillimetre measurements in Titan’s atmosphere: an intercomparison with Herschel observations

Authors: Rengel, M.; Shulyak, D.; Hartogh, P.; Sagawa, H.; Moreno, R.; Jarchow, C.; Breitschwerdt, D.;

Ground-based HCN submillimetre measurements in Titan’s atmosphere: an intercomparison with Herschel observations

Abstract

Aims. The aim of this study is to measure the vertical distribution of HCN on Titan’s stratosphere using ground-based submillimetre observations acquired quasi-simultaneously with the Herschel ones. This allows us to perform a consistency check between space and ground-based observations and to build a reference mean HCN vertical profile in Titan’s stratosphere. Methods. Using APEX and IRAM 30-m, we obtained the spectral emission of HCN (4-3) and (3-2) lines. Observations were reduced with GILDAS-CLASS. We applied a line-by-line radiative transfer code to calculate the synthetic spectra of HCN, and a retrieval algorithm based on optimal estimation to retrieve the temperature and HCN vertical distributions. We used the standard deviation-based metric to quantify the dispersion between the ground-based and Herschel HCN profiles and the mean one. Results. Our derived HCN abundance profiles are consistent with an increase from 40 ppb at ~100 km to 4 ppm at ~200 km, which is an altitude region where the HCN signatures are sensitive. We also demonstrate that the retrieved HCN distribution is sensitive to the data information and is restricted to Titan’s stratosphere. The HCN obtained from APEX data is less accurate than the one from IRAM data because of the poorer data quality, and covers a narrower altitude range. Comparisons between our results and the values from Herschel show similar abundance distributions, with maximum differences of 2.5 ppm ranging between 100 and 300 km in the vertical range. These comparisons also allow us to inter-validate both data sets and indicate reliable and consistent measurements. The inferred abundances are also consistent with the vertical distribution in previous observational studies, with the profiles from ALMA, Cassini/CIRS, and SMA (the latest ones below ~230 km). Our HCN profile is also comparable to photochemical models by Krasnopolsky (2014) and Vuitton et al. (2019) below 230 km and consistent with that of Loison et al. (2015) above 250 km. However, it appears to show large differences with respect to the estimates by Loison et al. (2015), Dobrijevic & Loison (2018), and Lora et al. (2018) below 170 km, and by Dobrijevic & Loison (2018) and Lora et al. (2018) above 400 km, although they are similar in shape. We conclude that these particular photochemical models need improvement.

Country
France
Keywords

planets and satellites: atmospheres, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 550, individual: Titan [Planets and satellites], Techniques: spectroscopic, FOS: Physical sciences, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], spectroscopic [Techniques], [SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], planets and satellites: individual: Titan, atmospheres [Planets and satellites], Planets and satellites: atmospheres, techniques: spectroscopic, Planets and satellites: individual: Titan, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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