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Characterization of phenolic compounds in Carignan grapes (Vitisvinifera L) from six sites in Maule Valley, Chile

Authors: Moreno-Simunovic, Yerko; Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Gastón; Martínez-Gil, A. M.; Garde-Cerdán, Teresa; Portu, Javier;

Characterization of phenolic compounds in Carignan grapes (Vitisvinifera L) from six sites in Maule Valley, Chile

Abstract

[ES] Los compuestos fenólicos de la uva juegan un rol importante en la calidad del vino ya que son responsables del color, la astringencia y el amargor. La composición y el contenido de los primeros depende rán de la variedad, el manejo vitícola y el terruño en que se ubique el viñedo. Durante los últimos años, algunas cepas olvidadas por la industria chilena del vino han comenzado a resurgir. El Carignan ha sido una de las variedades que ha tenido un importa nte auge debido a su redescubierta calidad enológica. La superficie nacional de esta variedad abarca 722 ha, de las cuales el Valle del Maule posee un 82% del total. Los viñedos de Carignan se concentran en el secano interior del valle en la vertiente orie ntal de la cordillera de la costa y se manejan bajo diversas condiciones de suelo y clima, generando diferentes estilos de vino, lo cual es atribuido al terruño en donde se generan. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la composición fenólica de la uva Carignan de seis sitios en el valle del Maule (VII Región, Chile). Se seleccionó seis sitios georreferenciados con distintas características de acuerdo a información geológica y geomorfológica, con viñedos de más de 50 años, sin riego, de pie franco y conducidos en cabeza. La cosecha se realizó en la madurez tecnológica óptima. Los índices bioclimáticos fueron calculados mediante información obtenida de estaciones meteorológicas ubicadas cercanas a los sitios. Los compuestos fenólicos se analizaron mediante HPLC-DAD. La concentración de antocianos totales varío de 1542,19 a 2244,17 mg/kg, siendo superior a lo mostrado por otros autores1,2 en Carignan. La concentración de monómeros de antocianinas fue alta, en todas las muestras, en especial de malvidina-3- glc. La concentración de flavonoles totales varió entre 152,14 y 279,64 mg/kg, mientras que la de flavanoles varió entre 96,08 y 156,72 mg/kg. Estas concentraciones son consideradas altas comparado a lo visto en bibliografía. Respecto a los flavonoles, el más importante fue la miricetina-3- glc, seguida por la quercetina-3- glc, mientras que en los flavanoles, el más importante fue la catequina, seguida por el galato de epicatequina. Para relacionar los índices bioclimáticos y los compuestos fenólicos de la uva, se realizó un análisis de componentes principales. La composición de antocianos y flavonoles fue relacionada con los grados día acumulados efectivos (GDAE), mostrándose una cierta relación entre estos compuestos y el grado de maduración. La composición de flavanoles y ácidos hidroxicinámicos, fue correlacionada de forma inversa con la temperatura máxima del mes más cálido (TMMC), por lo cual, la síntesis de estos compuestos se ve favorecida con temperaturas más frescas en el mes más cálido. En uvas provenientes de sitios con maduración más temprana, se encontró mayores concentraciones de antocianos y flavonoles, mientras que en uvas provenientes de sitios con maduración más tardía, fueron los flavanoles y ácidos hidroxicinámicos los se encontraron en mayor proporción. Estos resultados son de interés enológico y vitícola para la industria chilena ya que el valle del Maule puede otorgar atributos únicos en términos de calidad. Además, es útil entender los efectos del clima sobre la síntesis de compuestos fenólicos a fin de definir manejos vitícolas que puedan mejorar la calidad de la uva.

[EN] Grape phenolic compounds play an important role on wine quality since they are responsible for wine color, astringency and bitterness. Composition and content of these compounds in grapes and consequently in wines, depends on variety, viticultural management and terroir. In recent years, several forgotten varieties within the Chilean wine industry scenario have started to emerge. Among them Carignan has had a major resurgence due to its rediscovered wine quality. The national area planted with this variety is 722 hectares, with 82 % of the total located in the Maule Valley. Carignan vineyards from this Valley are located on the oriental side of the Coastal Range towards the central valley and are managed under different soil and climate conditions that in turns are translated into different wine styles. For this reason, the aim of this study was to characterize the phenolic composition of Carignan grapes grown in different sites from the Maule Valley. Six sites with distinct terroir characters were selected according to geological and geomorphological information from the Maule Valley (VII Region, Chile) together with a database of georeferenced vineyards. Selected vineyards were older than 50 years, non-irrigated, ungrafted and with head trained vines. Grapes were harvested at their optimal technological maturity. Bioclimatic indices were calculated through several weather stations located near the vineyard sites. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Total anthocyanins ranged from 1542.19 to 2244.17 mg/kg being considerably higher than values shown by several authors in Carignan grapes1,2 from different origins. The concentration of monomeric anthocyanins, particularly of malvidin-3- glc was high in all samples. Total flavonols ranged from 152.14 to 279.64 mg/kg and total flavanols ranged from 96.08 to 156.72 mg/kg. These concentrations are considered high compared to those reported by several authors on different varieties and valleys. Among flavonols, the most important was myricetin-3- glc followed by quercetin- 3- glc. Regarding flavanols, the most important was catechin, followed by epicatechin-gallate. Principal component analysis was performed in order to correlate bioclimatic indices and phenolic composition. Anthocyanins and flavonols composition was correlated with effective accumulated degree days (EADD), exhibiting a certain relationship with the degree of maturity. Flavanol and hydroxycinnamic acid composition was inversely correlated with the rate of temperature of the warmest month (RTWM), showing that the synthesis of these compounds is favored by cooler temperatures during the warmest month. With respect to the sites, higher concentration of anthocyanins and flavonols were found on early maturity sites. In relation to flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acids, higher concentrations were found on late maturity sites. These findings have oenological and viticultural interest for the Chilean wine industry since the Maule valley can confer differentiable attributes in terms of grape quality. On the other hand, understanding the effect of climate on the synthesis of phenolic compounds may be useful for managing vineyard with the aim of improving grape quality.

Trabajo presentado en el 39th World Congress of Vine and Wine (Vitiviniculture: Technological advances to market challenges, OIV 2016), celebrado en Bento Gonçalves (Brasil) del 24 al 28 de octubre de 2016.

Acknowledgements: this work is funded by FIC BIP 30.345.677-0, Vigno, and INIA-Gobierno de La Rioja.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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