Sesamum phyllody is a very important disease of sesamum caused by phytoplasma which affects mostly the floral organs of 0the plant. The floral organs are modified into leaf like structures and hence the yield is directly affected by this disease. Sesamum phyllody is a systemic disease and is transmitted by leafhoppers, Orosius albicinctus (Dist.) and Hishimonus phycitis (Dist.). This disease has been reported from 52 districts of North Eastern States during 2015 to 2017 and the disease incidence varied from 2 to 29 per cent in different locations. Epidemiological data in Assam shows that the incidence of sesamum phyllody disease was higher during the kharif season (22.16 %) as compared to the summer season (17.60 %) and is highly correlated to the vector population. It was also observed that maximum and minimum temperatures along with relative humidity were directly correlated with the disease incidence of sesamum phyllody. The reduction in pod per plant in the diseased plant over healthy plant was observed to be 72.82- 100 %. As this disease affects the yield of sesamum, not only the quantity of yield is affected but also the quality of sesamum oil also gets deteriorated to a great extent as the saponification value decreases and free fatty acid and iodine value in oil increases. A total of 38 alternate hosts were detected in Assam which belonged to three different groups of phytoplasma viz., aster yellows (16SrI), clover proliferation (16SrVI) and stolbur phytoplasma (16SrXII). On the other hand, molecular characterization and RFLP analysis revealed that there is no genetic difference between the isolates of sesamum phyllody disease collected from all the six agro-climatic zones of Assam as they belonged to 16SrI-B group.