
doi: 10.5772/56036
Pest resistance to control methods in general is not an isolated phenomenon but usually expected and well demonstrated when any method is repeatedly applied over a long period of time without being changed or modified in nature, structure, principals of application or formulation. All pests that growers must control in agricultural land have the capacity to become resistant to whatever tactic is used to control them [11]. It is usually expressed as a gradual adaptation or "fitness" of some individuals or populations of the targeted pest or organism to the frequently applied control methods and available conditions. This adaptation may be physical, morphological or phenological, physiological, anatomical or biochemical or could result from the interaction between any two or more of these. It may also be due to some genetic changes as mutations occur on the key site at which a specific method operates. These mutations are at least partially dominant and inherited. Traits are conferred by modifications to single nuclear genes. This indicates that the rate of resistance evolution will be driven by mutation, the intensity of selection, the dominance and relative fitness of mutations in presence or absence of the herbicide and by dispersal of resistance alleles within and between weed populations [28]. However, no proof that the herbicides cause the mutations leads to resistance [37]. However, most often resistance is controlled by a single, dominant or semi-dominant gene [38] although recessive genes control of herbicide resistant trait in natural weed popula‐ tions has been also implicated in resistance to dintroanaline, while wild populations exposed to herbicide stresses for the first time may efficiently express herbicide-resistant genes.
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