1. Editor's Introduction Part One Approaches to the History and Philosophy of Science * Introduction to "Approaches to the History and Philosophy of Science" *"Reason in Science," George Santayana. *"The Function of General Laws in History," Carl Hempel. *"The Three Tasks of Epistemology," Hans Reichenbach. *"What are Scientific Revolutions?" Thomas Kuhn. *"Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes," Imre Lakatos. *"The Relations between the History and the Philosophy of Science," Thomas Kuhn. *"The History of Science," Thomas Kuhn. *"Scientific Research under a Historical Microscope," Martin Rudwick. *"The Polity of Science," Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer. Part Two Debates in History and Philosophy of Science A. Hypotheses in Scientific Discovery * Introduction to "Hypotheses in Scientific Discovery" *"Of Inductions Improperly So Called," John Stuart Mill. *"Mr. Mill's Logic," William Whewell. *"Physical Theory and Experiment," Pierre Duhem. *"Is there a Logic of Scientific Discovery?" Norwood Russell Hanson. B. Force in Natural Philosophy * Introduction to "Force in Natural Philosophy" * Principles of Philosophy (selections), Rene Descartes. *"Critical Thoughts on the General Part of the Principles of Descartes," Gottfried Leibniz. * On the Gravity and Equilibrium of Fluids (slightly abridged), Isaac Newton. *"On the Divisibility and Subtlety of Matter," Emilie du Chatelet. *"Of the Idea of Necessary Connexion," David Hume. *"How is Pure Natural Science Possible?" Immanuel Kant. C. Natural History: Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism * Introduction to "Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism" *"Initial Discourse," George-Louis de Buffon. *"Preliminary Observations to the Essay on the Theory of the Earth," Georges Cuvier. *"Prejudices relating to the Theory of the Earth," John Playfair. *"On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings," Charles Darwin. *"Of the Doctrine of Catastrophes and the Doctrine of Uniformity," William Whewell.