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The Planetary Science Journal
Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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Article . 2020
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https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
Article . 2020
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Haze Formation in Warm H2-rich Exoplanet Atmospheres

Authors: Chao He; Sarah M. Hörst; Nikole K. Lewis; Xinting Yu; Julianne I. Moses; Patricia McGuiggan; Mark S. Marley; +4 Authors

Haze Formation in Warm H2-rich Exoplanet Atmospheres

Abstract

Abstract New observing capabilities coming online over the next few years will provide opportunities for characterization of exoplanet atmospheres. However, clouds/hazes could be present in the atmospheres of many exoplanets, muting the amplitude of spectral features. We use laboratory simulations to explore photochemical haze formation in H2-rich exoplanet atmospheres at 800 K with metallicity either 100 or 1000 times solar. We find that haze particles are produced in both simulated atmospheres with small particle size (20–140 nm) and relatively low production rate (2.4 × 10−5 to 9.7 × 10−5 mg cm−3 hr−1), but the particle size and production rate is dependent on the initial gas mixtures and the energy sources used in the simulation experiments. The gas phase mass spectra show that complex chemical processes happen in these atmospheres and generate new gas products that can further react to form larger molecules and solid haze particles. Two H2-rich atmospheres with similar C/O ratios (∼0.5) yield different haze particle size, haze production rate, and gas products, suggesting that both the elemental abundances and their bonding environments in an atmosphere can significantly affect the photochemistry. There is no methane (CH4) in our initial gas mixtures, although CH4 is often believed to be required to generate organic hazes. However, haze production rates from our experiments with different initial gas mixtures indicate that CH4 is neither required to generate organic hazes nor necessary to promote the organic haze formation. The variety and relative yield of the gas products indicate that CO and N2 enrich chemical reactions in H2-rich atmospheres.

Keywords

Laboratory astrophysics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), 550, FOS: Physical sciences, 540, 520, [SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Exoplanet atmospheres, Planetary atmospheres, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
34
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
gold