This thesis aims to explore the role of science in building a sustainable future. Can we rely on the current science system to address the challenges we face, or does it need to undergo a transformation in order to achieve sustainability? To address these questions, we must understand how science can effectively address interconnected challenges. Thus, the thesis concentrates on three key aspects: how the science system generates knowledge about these challenges, integrates this knowledge into emerging socio-technical niches (alternative systems for sustainable futures), and contributes to the ongoing discussions of how to implement the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The central argument posits that collaboration within the science system has the potential to generate new knowledge that integrates social and environmental challenges into sustainable socio-technical niches. The concept of Transformative Research Niches (TRNs) is introduced, representing collaborative spaces among diverse knowledge communities to address interconnected challenges. Social Network Analysis (SNA) methods are applied across various contexts to identify and study TRNs. Empirical findings indicate a growing emphasis on sustainable development yet reveal limited progress in integrating multiple SDGs within scientific research. The thesis suggests that research councils and universities should provide better support to TRNs, fostering collaboration and mutual learning between scientists, research councils, universities and social movements. It concludes with four guiding principles: knowledge recombination, nurturing TRNs, connecting science with society, and enabling transformations, emphasising interdisciplinary collaboration and inclusive problem framing.