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Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)

Bildung in Bosnien und Herzegowina (BiH) – Lehrer in BiH vor dem Zwiespalt ethnonationalistische Bestrebungen oder soziale Transformation zu unterstützen
Authors: Burmeister, Anna;

Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)

Abstract

Während des Krieges (1992-1995) brach das staatliche Bildungssystem in Bosnien und Herzegowina (BiH) zusammen. Um Abhilfe zu schaffen organisierten die sich bekriegenden ethnischen Gruppen – Bosnische Kroaten, Bosnische Muslime und Bosnische Serben – separate, improvisierte Bildungseinrichtungen. Da die Verfassung von Dayton den früheren Kriegsparteien die Kulturhoheit zugestand, konnten diese die Aufteilung des Bildungssystems auch nach dem Krieg aufrechterhalten. In der Politik wurde dieser Schritt damit gerechtfertigt, dass getrennter Unterricht den besten Umgang mit ethnischer Diversität in BiH erlaube. Diese Überzeugung teilt die Internationale Gemeinschaft nicht. Daher setzt sie sich seit 2002 vermehrt für die Vereinheitlichung von Lehrplänen ein. Diese Bestrebungen sind jedoch weitgehend erfolglos gewesen. Mit Hilfe des Systemansatzes analysiert diese qualitative Forschungsarbeit das Wirken von Lehrern und deren Arbeitsumfeld. Ziel ist es darzustellen, wie sich Lehrer jene Dynamiken erklären, die für die gegenwärtige Bildungssituation verantwortlich sind. Im Zuge der bildlichen Darstellung ihrer Arbeitssituation entsprechend der Methode des Fuzzy Cognitive Mappings wird festgestellt, dass das Bildungswesen unter zunehmendem ethnonationalistischen Einfluss steht. Dessen Anspruch auf absolute Trennung der verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen steht im Widerspruch zur in der Realität angetroffenen, wenn auch sehr ungleichen ethnischen Diversität im Klassenzimmer. Ferner misst ein Großteil der Nachkriegsgeneration der Frage um ethnische Zugehörigkeit geringere Bedeutung bei als dem Wunsch nach wirtschaftlichem Aufschwung und positiven Zukunftsaussichten für sich selbst und ihr Land. Inmitten dieses Spannungsfeldes scheint es Lehrern ein besonderes Anliegen zu sein, qualitative Standards zu wahren und Alternativen zur ethnonationalistischen Ideologie aufzuzeigen. Auf diese Weise versuchen sie ihren Beitrag zur Konflikttransformation zu leisten.

During the war (1992-1995) state provision of education in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) collapsed. Due to the frontline separating the opposing ethnic groups – Bosnian Croats, Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Serbs –the respective groups had to improvise separate educational solutions for their members. The constitutional concession of cultural autonomy to these three groups allowed ethnic segregation to continue in the post-war educational system of BiH. In politics this step is often justified by claiming that segregation was the best way to handle multiculturalism in BiH. Since 2002 the International Community promoting the consolidation of the young state has taken coordinated action to work towards a harmonised educational system. These efforts have had meagre success. Based on a systems approach, this qualitative investigation analysed teachers’ work and their environment and thus aims to present teachers’ understanding of the dynamics responsible for the current educational situation. The Fuzzy Cognitive Maps drawn by the interview partners to visualise their situation at work showed that ethno-nationalist structures are increasingly dominating the educational sphere. However, the dynamics in class often challenge the notion that ethnic questions are meant to be prioritised. Working with unbalanced, but ethnically mixed classes as well as the post-war generation’s striving for economic progress and brighter prospects requires of teachers to take these facts into account as well. This puts teachers in a fairly tense situation. Their subsequent reactions showed that the principles they try to uphold in class are educational quality and presenting alternative perspectives. This approach was presented as a contribution to the upbringing of responsible, tolerant and future-oriented citizens, who interested in a peaceful BiH.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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