The Udoteaceae are ubiquitous and ecologically important in tropical marine ecosystems. Apart from primary producers, calcified representatives contribute to the construction and sedimentation of reefs. In this study, we present the taxonomic treatment of Udoteaceae from Bahia coast. Based on collected material and on material deposited in the main Brazilian herbaria, 10 taxa, distributed in three genera, were recognized: Boodleopsis (B. pusilla), Penicillus (P. capitatus, including three forms), and Udotea (4 species, 2 varieties, and 2 forms). Identification keys for the taxa are presented, along with descriptions, illustrations, comparisons with related taxa, and distribution maps for species in Bahia.