Case Y is a high school junior with average intelligence test scores. Throughout his school years, both at the elementary and the high school level, he has earned average or below average grades. For the most part they are C's and D's with occasional F's or B's. He started this year, his junior year, with his usual grade distribution: two C's, three D's and one F. At this first marking period the school counselor, after reviewing his report card, called the student to his office to determine the cause of his low achievement.