African developing countries are capturing serious attention nowadays. The combination of substantial available resources with the under-developing status of important social and technological sectors, attract the attention of both commercial and non-profit institutions. Within the area of knowledge management, many initiatives have emerged, aiming to foster the growth of human and technological resources that improve consistently scientific research, promoting the development of the country at both scientific and social level. Within this context, this study aims to discuss the challenges and trends for developing higher education and scientific research in Mozambique, taking into account three important vectors: the evolution of the national research and education network, the national initiatives for higher education and research promotion, and the access and dissemination of scientific literature in the country. Based on fieldwork carried out in Mozambique and on the study of worldwide initiatives and best practices in the education and research field, we provide useful insights for the developing of Mozambique scientific production and for identifying potential international cooperation synergies.