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Review of Scientific Instruments
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Review of Scientific Instruments
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HAL - Université de Lille
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https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
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Scanning tunneling state recognition with multi-class neural network ensembles

Authors: O. Gordon; P. D’Hondt; L. Knijff; S. E. Freeney; F. Junqueira; P. Moriarty; I. Swart;

Scanning tunneling state recognition with multi-class neural network ensembles

Abstract

One of the largest obstacles facing scanning probe microscopy is the constant need to correct flaws in the scanning probe in situ. This is currently a manual, time-consuming process that would benefit greatly from automation. Here, we introduce a convolutional neural network protocol that enables automated recognition of a variety of desirable and undesirable scanning tunneling tip states on both metal and nonmetal surfaces. By combining the best performing models into majority voting ensembles, we find that the desirable states of H:Si(100) can be distinguished with a mean precision of 0.89 and an average receiver-operator-characteristic curve area of 0.95. More generally, high and low-quality tips can be distinguished with a mean precision of 0.96 and near perfect area-under-curve of 0.98. With trivial modifications, we also successfully automatically identify undesirable, non-surface-specific states on surfaces of Au(111) and Cu(111). In these cases, we find mean precisions of 0.95 and 0.75 and area-under-curves of 0.98 and 0.94, respectively. Provided that training data are available, these ensembles therefore enable fully autonomous scanning tunneling state recognition for a wide range of typical scanning conditions.

Countries
Netherlands, France
Keywords

FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, [INFO.INFO-NE] Computer Science [cs]/Neural and Evolutionary Computing [cs.NE], FOS: Physical sciences, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Machine Learning (cs.LG), Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), Instrumentation, [INFO.INFO-AU] Computer Science [cs]/Automatic Control Engineering, Physics - Computational Physics, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an)

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
36
Top 10%
Top 10%
Top 10%
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hybrid