The genus Vitis ( Vitaceae ) has two centers of origin: one localized in North America and the other in Eurasia. Vitis vinifera Linnaeus appears to be the only species in the genus that is largely cultivated. Different varieties of vine are cultivated for wine, table grapes, or raisins, according to the climatic conditions, trading possibilities, and the habits of the countries and peoples in each region. The insect fauna of grapevine differs from one continent to another, although it is possible to recognize a number of common pest species, such as Viteus vitifolii (Fitch), whose actual distribution range depends upon human activity. The Coccoidea form an important part of the vine insect complex and the soft scales recorded as vine pests are Pulvinaria vitis , N. innumerabilis (Rathvon), Parthenolecanium persicae , and P. corni . A few other species have been found living on vines, but are not considered economically important.