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Journal of Number Theory
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Variations on the Brocard–Ramanujan equation

Variations on the Brocard-Ramanujan equation
Authors: Dąbrowski, Andrzej; Ulas, Maciej;

Variations on the Brocard–Ramanujan equation

Abstract

In [\textit{Paul} and \textit{Maréchal}, Nouv. Ann. (2) 15, 286--287 (1876; JFM 08.0330.01)] and [\textit{H. Brocard}, Nouv. Ann. Math. (3) 4, 291 (1885)], the following problem was posed: \textit{Pour quelles valeurs du nombre entier \(x\) l'expression} \[ 1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 4\cdots x +1 \] \textit{est-elle un carré parfait?} In 1913, Ramanujan posed the same problem as follows: \textit{the number \(n! + 1\) is a square for \(n = 4, 5, 7,\) find other values.} See [\textit{B. Ram}, J. Indian Math. Soc. 5, 56--59 (1913; JFM 44.0218.01)] and [\textit{Collected papers}, New York, 1962]. Therefore, the Diophantine equation \[ n! + 1= y^2 \tag{\text{Broc-Ram}} \] is called the \textit{Brocard-Ramanujan } Diophantine equation. Solving (Broc-Ram) is still an open problem, see \textbf{D25} in [\textit{R. K. Guy}, Unsolved problems in number theory. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag (1994; Zbl 0805.11001)]. Contributing to the problem, \textit{A. Gérardin} [Nouv. Ann. Math. (4) 6, 222--226 (1906; JFM 37.0230.03)], assumed that the equation (Broc-Ram) has no solutions for \(7 < n < 25\). His ideas were used by \textit{H. Gupta} see [Math. Stud. 3, 71 (1935; JFM 61.1072.03)], to prove that the equation (Broc-Ram) has no solutions except the known solutions for \(n\leq 63\). In 1993, \textit{M. Overholt} [Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 25, No. 2, 104 (1993; Zbl 0805.11030)] proved that the weak form of Szpiro's conjecture implies that the equation (Broc-Ram) has only finitely many solutions. In fact, the weak form of Szpiro's conjecture is a special case of the \(abc\)-conjecture, i.e. there exists a constant \(s\) such that if \(a, b,\) and \(c\) are positive integers satisfying \(a + b = c\) with \(\gcd(a , b) = 1\), then \[ |abc| \leq\text{rad}(abc)^s, \] where \(\text{rad}(N)\) is the product of all primes dividing \(N\) taken without repetition. In 2000, \textit{B. C. Berndt} and \textit{W. F. Galway} [Ramanujan J. 4, No. 1, 41--42 (2000; Zbl 0999.11078)], used a computational method to show that the Brocard-Ramanujan Diophantine equation has no solutions except \((n, y) = (4, 5), (5, 11), (7,71)\) for \(n\leq 10^9\). Many other papers dealt with this equation without solving it completely. In the paper under review, the authors consider many variations of the Brocard-Ramanujan equation, particularly some equations of the form \[ y^{2} = B U_n +A, \tag{\text{Dab-Ulas}} \] where \(A\) and \(B\) are fixed integers, \(U_n=f(1) f(2)\cdots f(n)\), and \(f: \mathbb{N}_{+} \rightarrow \mathbb{N}_{+}\) is an increasing function. They completely prove many results on equations of the type (Dab-Ulas). The method is elementary using the construction of linear polynomials. Sometimes, they use a computational method. Moreover, they set many open problems and conjectures.

Country
Poland
Keywords

factorial function, Algebra and Number Theory, Representation problems, Brocard-Ramanujan type equation, Diophantine equation

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
10
Top 10%
Top 10%
Average
hybrid