Knowledge about infertility has made enormous progress over the last 40 years. Its different mechanisms have been largely elucidated, in females as well as in males. This allows a better understanding of many causes of infertility. In the past years, pregnancies have been achieved using gametes fertilized outside the body. Many situations have major ethical and societal implications. For many individuals and/or patients, fertility preservation has become an issue in the management of pathologies, such as cancer. [...]