The functional neuroanatomy of speech processing has been difficult to characterize. One major impediment to progress has been the failure to consider task effects when mapping speech-related processing systems. We summarize a dual-stream model of speech processing that addresses this situation. In this model, a ventral stream processes speech signals for comprehension, and a dorsal stream maps acoustic speech signals to parietal and frontal-lobe articulatory networks. The model assumes that the ventral stream is largely bilaterally organized, although there are important computational differences between the left- and right-hemisphere systems, whereas the dorsal stream is strongly left-hemisphere-dominant.