The Caspian Sea as the largest continental water body in the world is known for its comparably high levels of biodiversity and endemism, also in mollusks. The evolution of a euryhaline taxon of cardiid bivalves, the Lymnocardiinae of the Ponto- Caspian region, remains unclear today. We studied material from the whole recent range of Lymnocar- diinae (i.e., the Caspian, the Azov, and the Black Seas) using a LSU rDNA phylogeny aiming at (a) testing the monophyly of Lymnocardiinae and (b) determining the phylogenetic relationships within Cardiidae. Lymnocardiinae s.str. were monophyletic, i.e., a distinct group that included species of Hypanis, Didacna, and Monodacna. Lymnocardiinae as often understood, i.e., including Cerastoderma, are not monophyletic in our analysis and Cerastoderma should thus be transferred to Cardiinae. The Lymno- cardiinae s.str. had a shallow tree topology and were poorly resolved. No clearcut biogeographical pattern could be derived from the phylogeny, i.e., species stemming from respective Ponto-Caspian regions, do not necessarily cluster together. We discuss a scenario of the evolutionary history and biogeographical (as well as taxonomic) implications. Given the complex history of the Ponto-Caspian region and the Caspian Sea in particular, the Lymnocardiinae would represent an interesting study object for addressing the conse- quences of environmental changes on biotic evolution at various spatial and temporal scales.