In recent times major changes have occurred in extensive areas of Lapland inhabited by the reindeer-herding Lapps of northern Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula in the Soviet Union). Their customary way of life, delicately attuned to the ecological conditions of the arctic and subarctic areas, is buffetet between the environment-adapted life of the timeless tundra, forests, and swapms and the modern industrialized economy of northern Europe.