Compared with other groups of unicellular freshwater algae, desmids lend themselves well to biogeographical studies since, at species level, identification is often relatively easy, whereas high ecological demands use to curtain their geographical distribution. Considering some ten desmid floral regions as distinguished in the beginning of this century, Indo-Malaysia/Northern Australia, tropical America, and equatorial Africa come to the fore as most pronounced. Also well typified are Eastern Asia, New Zealand/Southern Australia, and North America. Less endemic species are met with in Southern Africa and extratropical South America, whereas temperate Eurasia, with respect to the other continents, is mainly negatively characterized. The so-called arctic-alpine desmid flora may be encountered on all continents, provided that adequate minimum temperatures occur. Its distribution seems to be determined microclimatologically rather than macroclimatologically. Arguments for a tropical origin of the desmids as an algal group are adduced.