Little bustard seasonal movements are complex. Besides the long known fully long-distance migratory populations (i.e. those of western France, Russia, and Central Asia), there are also others fully migratory that perform shorter migrations, such as many from northern Spain, or partially migratory, such as those from central Spain. Moreover, there are other seasonal movements different from winter migration that entail a directional round trip after breeding (summer migration) or a combination of the latter with a winter directional migration from summer sites to wintering sites and return to breeding grounds. Summer movements are frequent in strongly seasonal Mediterranean areas of central and southern Iberia and usually involve trips to the north or to higher altitudes with less severe summer drought. Finally, there are resident populations in southern Iberia and other Mediterranean regions that perform short-distance movements, tracking the availability of food and other resources. Although such a variety of movements has been described only in the Iberian Peninsula, it may have been present in other climatically and geographically diverse regions of the species’ former range. Because little bustards move frequently, they are exposed to threats that they may not find in their breeding grounds (which are often protected and relatively cared-after). Moreover, habitat selection outside the breeding season is not constrained by breeding requirements, and thus the diversity of habitats used by birds is greater, so they can be found in places where they rarely appear in spring, such as the proximity of linear infrastructures or irrigated farmland. However, non-breeding grounds are usually less protected than breeding sites. Threats faced by little bustards out of the breeding areas comprise land-use changes (including urbanization and intensively irrigated crops) and infrastructure development that lead to a strong decrease or full disappearance of large winter concentrations. In addition, powerline collision risk, poaching, or simple disturbance from human frequentation have been found to affect wintering little bustards negatively.