Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is the fifth most important cereal crop and is the dietary staple of more than 500 million people in over 90 countries, primarily in the developing world. However, sweet sorghum which is similar to grain sorghum except for accumulation of stalk sugars, is considered as a potential energy crop without impacting the food security of millions. Further, the sorghum stover is considered to be a potential lignocellulosic biofuel feedstock. Being a C4 plant, it has high photosynthetic rate, and several mechanisms are known to confer resilience that help produce higher yield in varied environmental conditions. This chapter not only discusses different breeding methodologies for improving candidate sugar and biomass traits but also the possible utilization of this smart feedstock for diverse biochemicals (lactic acid, xylitol, glycerol, etc.) and bioproducts (nanomaterials, anticancer and microbial compounds, adhesives, polymers, antidiabetic compounds, etc.) development.