AbstractIn this appendix, we provide an outline of methods used in analyzing biological data. We give a summary of types of data encountered and the appropriate methods to apply for the questions of interest. Statistical techniques described include the t test, the Wilcoxon rank sum test, the Mann‐Whitney‐Wilcoxon test, ANOVA, regression, and the chi‐square test. For each method, we give the appropriate assumptions, the details of the test, and a complete concrete example to follow. We also discuss related ideas such as multiple comparisons, why correlation does not imply causation, and ideas of sampling from a population. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.