{"references": ["BMVIT. (2016). Ergebnisbericht zur \u00f6sterreichweiten Mobilit\u00e4tserhebung \"\u00d6sterreich unterwegs 2013/2014\". https://www.bmk.gv.at/dam/jcr:fbe20298-a4cf-46d9-bbee-01ad771a7fda/oeu_2013-2014_Ergebnisbericht.pdf", "B\u00f6heim, R., Fink, M., & Zulehner, C. (2023). Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und M\u00e4nnern in \u00d6sterreich von 2005 bis 2021. https://www.wifo.ac.at/jart/prj3/wifo/resources/person_dokument/person_dokument.jart?publikationsid=70674&mime_type=application/pdf", "EPAH. (2022). Introduction to the Energy Poverty Advisory Hub (EPAH) Handbooks: A Guide to Understanding and Addressing Energy Poverty Energy. https://energy-poverty.ec.europa.eu/discover/publications/publications/introduction-energy-poverty-advisory-hub-epah-handbooks-guide-understanding-and-addressing-energy_en", "Eurostat. (n.d.). International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Statistics Explained. Retrieved August 9, 2023, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=International_Standard_Classification_of_Education_(ISCED)", "Hartwig, L., H\u00f6ssinger, R., Susilo, Y. O., & G\u00fchnemann, A. (2022). The Impacts of a COVID-19 Related Lockdown (and Reopening Phases) on Time Use and Mobility for Activities in Austria\u2014Results from a Multi-Wave Combined Survey. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127422", "Kiss, M. (2022). Understanding transport poverty. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_ATA(2022)738181", "Kuttler, T., & Moraglio, M. (2020). Re-thinking Mobility Poverty. In Re-thinking Mobility Poverty. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367333317", "Lucas, K., Mattioli, G., Verlinghieri, E., & Guzman, A. (2016). Transport poverty and its adverse social consequences. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Transport, 169(6), 353\u2013365. https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.15.00073", "Matzinger, S., Dawid, E., & Heitzmann, K. (2018). Studie zur Eruierung einer Definition von Energiearmut in \u00d6sterreich aus Sicht der sozialwirtschaftlichen und energiewirtschaftlichen Praxis. https://www.wu.ac.at/ineq/forschung/projekte/archiv/energiearmut/", "OECD. (2022). Education at a Glance 2022: OECD Indicators. https://doi.org/10.1787/3197152b-en", "Rechnungshof \u00d6sterreich. (2022). Allgemeiner Einkommensbericht 2022. https://www.rechnungshof.gv.at/rh/home/home_1/home_1/AEB_2022_Webversion-barrierefrei.pdf", "Statistik Austria. (2023). Gender pay gap remains above EU average in spite of slight decrease. https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/announcement/2023/03/20230303GenderStatistikEN.pdf"]}

The target of a full decarbonisation of household energy consumption and mobility by 2040 cannot be achieved without increasing carbon prices. Households that dispose of a low income and/or have high expenses for energy and mobility are particularly affected by increasing carbon prices. The objective of the project TransFair-AT is to develop measures to compensate such particularly vulnerable groups, thus ensuring a socially fair decarbonisation of the housing and mobility sector. As a first step, we identify the criteria under which households can be considered energy poor and mobility poor (section 2) from the standpoint of affordability. In a second step, we analyse how many households in Austria can be classified according to our definition as energy poor and/or mobility poor and are therefore particularly vulnerable to price increases. The analysis presented in this research brief is based on data from a combined mobility and activity and consumer expenditure survey (section 3). In a third step, we analyse the characteristics of energy poor and mobility poor households in relation to their non-energy poor and non-mobility poor counterparts (section 4 to 7). In our analysis, households are characterised by attributes of their socio-demographic status, household location, mobility behaviour and housing situation. In section 8 we describe the commonalities and differences of energy poor and mobility poor households with respect to these characteristics. Our results are summarised in section 9.