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Towards Fair Face Verification: An In-depth Analysis of Demographic Biases

Authors: Ioannis Sarridis; Christos Koutlis; Symeon Papadopoulos; Christos Diou;

Towards Fair Face Verification: An In-depth Analysis of Demographic Biases

Abstract

Deep learning-based person identification and verification systems have remarkably improved in terms of accuracy in recent years; however, such systems, including widely popular cloud-based solutions, have been found to exhibit significant biases related to race, age, and gender, a problem that requires in-depth exploration and solutions. This paper presents an in-depth analysis, with a particular emphasis on the intersectionality of these demographic factors. Intersectional bias refers to the performance discrepancies w.r.t. the different combinations of race, age, and gender groups, an area relatively unexplored in current literature. Furthermore, the reliance of most state-of-the-art approaches on accuracy as the principal evaluation metric often masks significant demographic disparities in performance. To counter this crucial limitation, we incorporate five additional metrics in our quantitative analysis, including disparate impact and mistreatment metrics, which are typically ignored by the relevant fairness-aware approaches. Results on the Racial Faces in-the-Wild (RFW) benchmark indicate pervasive biases in face recognition systems, extending beyond race, with different demographic factors yielding significantly disparate outcomes. In particular, Africans demonstrate an 11.25% lower True Positive Rate (TPR) compared to Caucasians, while only a 3.51% accuracy drop is observed. Even more concerning, the intersections of multiple protected groups, such as African females over 60 years old, demonstrate a +39.89% disparate mistreatment rate compared to the highest Caucasians rate. By shedding light on these biases and their implications, this paper aims to stimulate further research towards developing fairer, more equitable face recognition and verification systems.

Keywords

FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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