John Dewey issued a cautionary statement in 1902: "It is easy to fall into the habit of viewing the mechanics of school organization and administration as something relatively external and indifferent to educational ideals" (Dewey, 1902: 22, 23). The history of educational leadership and management as a field of study and practice lends credence to its reservations. With a few notable exceptions, the field has traditionally been built on the principle of maintaining a clear separation between management theory and educational concerns. Additionally, the field is characterized by an emphasis on operational aspects of school management. The official study of educational administration and teaching began in the United States in the early years of the twentieth century. It began with the appointment of men liken George Strayer at College Columbia, Paul Hanus at Harvard, and Edward Elliot at Wisconsin. Bobbit in Chicago and, perhaps most importantly, Ellwood in Stanford cubberly. These men were among the first to teach and study educational administration in an academic setting. Cubberly had limited experience in teaching, as her own studies and career focused on geology and physical sciences. However, this is "school management, school problems, school organization, school statistics, secondary schools, history of education, the relationship of illiteracy and crime to education, etc." (Tyack and Hansot, 1982: 124). He served as superintendent of schools in San Diego for two years, during which time he realized that school boards in the city needed to be non-political. There is no doubt that this experience played a role in bringing some of these ideas to mind. In this regard, his views agreed with those of the growing Reform Movement. This movement was dedicated to the consolidation of smaller public institutions, such as schools and school districts, into larger institutional structures that were hierarchically structured and controlled from a central location. In this respect, his views coincided with those of the movement.