Downloads provided by UsageCounts
In intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) abundant supportive messages are provided to learners. One implicit assumption behind this design is that learners would actively process and benefit from feedback messages when interacting with ITS individually. However, this is not true for all learners; some gain little after numerous practice opportunities. In the current research, we assume that if the learner invests enough cognitive effort to review feedback messages provided by the system, the learner's performance should be improved as practice opportunities accumulate. We expect that the learner's cognitive effort investment could be reflected to some extent by the response latency, then the learner's improvement should also be correlated with the response latency. Therefore, based on this core hypothesis, we conduct a cluster analysis by exploring features relevant to learners' response latency. We expect to find several features that could be used as indicators of the feedback usage of learners; consequently, these features may be used to predict learners' learning gain in future research. Our results suggest that learners' prior knowledge level plays a role when interacting with ITS and different patterns of response latency. Learners with higher prior knowledge levels tend to interact flexibly with the system and use feedback messages more effectively. The quality of their previous attempts influences their response latency. However, learners with lower prior knowledge perform two opposite patterns, some tend to respond more quickly, and some tend to respond more slowly. One common characteristic of these learners is their incorrect response latency is not influenced by the quality of their previous performance. One interesting result is that those quick responders forget faster. Thus, we concluded that for learners with lower prior knowledge, it is better for them not to react hastily to obtain a more durable memory.
| selected citations These citations are derived from selected sources. This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | 0 | |
| popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network. | Average | |
| influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | Average | |
| impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network. | Average |
| views | 7 | |
| downloads | 7 |

Views provided by UsageCounts
Downloads provided by UsageCounts