This summary focuses on the role of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in international protection and their relationship with the Global Compacts on Refugees and on Migration. As key actors in connecting the political sphere with on-the-ground activity, CSOs represent an essential part of the overall picture in the operation of international protection, a fact that has only been heightened by the Global Compacts’ mission to broaden and make more inclusive the mechanisms that derive from the 1951 Refugee Convention. A mixed-methods approach has been undertaken to understanding the nature, activities and dispositions of CSOs across the European Union (EU), Canada, South Africa and in the international system more widely, producing a number of outputs that connect this back to the overarching PROTECT theoretical modelling of Sicakkan’s (2021) cleavage approach. In this report, we present the main research questions, the findings and a number of academic- and practitioner-oriented conclusions.