Reproductive efficiency is the primary factor affecting productivity of a dairy buffalo and is greatly influenced by late attainment of puberty, seasonal breeding, long calving intervals, increased number of services per conception, increased days open, uterine infections and various obstetrical problems. Repeat breeding is the biggest factor decreasing reproductive efficiency. The reasons associated with fertilization failure or embryonic mortality includes reproductive tract aberrations, endocrine dysfunctions, infectious causes, errors in management including nutritional deficiencies and compromises in artificial insemination (AI) procedures. Various hormonal (Mirmahmoudi et al., 2014; Mungad et al., 2017) and non - hormonal preparations and protocols are being used to modulate the circulating plasma progesterone levels to make repeat breeding buffaloes to cycle normally and to improve their reproductive efficiency, thereby reducing the inter-calving interval economically viable.Reproductive efficiency is the primary factor affecting productivity of a dairy buffalo and is greatly influenced by late attainment of puberty, seasonal breeding, long calving intervals, increased number of services per conception, increased days open, uterine infections and various obstetrical problems. Repeat breeding is the biggest factor decreasing reproductive efficiency. The reasons associated with fertilization failure or embryonic mortality includes reproductive tract aberrations, endocrine dysfunctions, infectious causes, errors in management including nutritional deficiencies and compromises in artificial insemination (AI) procedures. Various hormonal (Mirmahmoudi et al., 2014; Mungad et al., 2017) and non - hormonal preparations and protocols are being used to modulate the circulating plasma progesterone levels to make repeat breeding buffaloes to cycle normally and to improve their reproductive efficiency, thereby reducing the inter-calving interval economically viable.