It is impossible to understand modern China without reconstructing the logic of its development in the twentieth century, finding out what steps and decisions helped it to reduce the material and technical gap with the European peoples, and, finally, without understanding how it managed to overcome the destructive consequences of revolutions and transform their energy into a progressive impulse of development. His current achievements are inextricably linked with modernization, which over the course of a century alternately took the form of conservative reforms, revolutions, socialist, and then market transformations. All of them, in their own way, convincingly confirmed that the true reasons for Chinese success lie in selective borrowing and the subsequent synthesis of Western innovations and Chinese traditions, which, as it has now become clear, have never lost their relevance. Modernization, therefore, has become a new phase in the development of Chinese civilization, which has found an answer to the challenges of scientific and technological progress and the global assertion of its cultural norms by the West.

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