{"references": ["Agusti, M. (2000). Citricultura. Ediciones Multi-Ptrensa.", "Albrecht, U. y Bowman, K. D. (2019). Reciprocal influences of rootstock and scion citrus cultivars challenged with Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus. Scientia Horticulturae, 254, 133\u2013142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.05.010/", "Beretta, J. M. G., Rosseti, V., Pompeu, J. J., y Teofilo Sobrinho, J. (1988). Behavior of different citrus rootstocks to declinio in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Tel Aviv, Israel. Proceeding of de Sixth International Citrus Congress 2: 1039-1046.", "Bowman, K. D. (2003). New hybrids citrus rootstocks developed by U. S. Department of Agriculture. Orlando, Florida. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture, 9th Congress, I: 51, December 3-7, 2000.", "Bowman, K. D., y Albrecht, U. (2020). Rootstock influences on health and growth following Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus infection on young sweet orange tress. Agronomy, 10 (12), 1907. https://doi.org/10.390/agronomy10121907", "Bowman, K. D., Fulkner, L., y Kesinger, M. (2016a). New citrus rootstocks release by USDA 2001-2010. Field performance and nursery characteristics. HortScience, 51(10), 1208-2014. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI10970-16", "Bowman, K. D., McCollum, G., y Albretch, U. (2016b). Performance of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis [L] Osbeck on 17 rootstocks in a trail severely affected by Huanglongbing. Scientia Horticulturae, 201, 355-361.", "Bowman K. D. y McCollum, G. (2015). Five new citrus rootstock with improved tolerance to Huanglongbing. HortScience, 59 (11), 1731-1734. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285409561", "Campbell, C. W. (1979). Tahiti lime production in Florida. Gainesville, Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS). Cooperative Extension Service. Bulletin 187. University of Florida. 45p.", "Carpenter, J. B., Burns, B. M. y Sedlacek, R. F. (1981). Phytophthora resistant rootstocks for Lisbon lemon in California. Citrograph, 66 (12), 287-292.", "Castle, W. S. (2010). A career perspective on Citrus rootstocks, their development and commercialization. HortScience, 45(1), 11-15.", "Castle, W. S., Bowman, K. D., Grosser, J. D., Frerrarezi, R. S., Futch, S. H., y Rodgers H. S. (2020). Florida Citrus Rootstock selection guide (4\u00b0 ed.). University of Florida, IFAS, Extension Service. https://crec.ifas.ulf.edu/extension/citrus_rootstock/tables.html.", "Castle, W. S., Grosser, J. W., Gmitter Jr., F.G., Schnell, R. J., Ayala-Silva, T., Crane, J. H., y Bowman, K. D. (2004). Evaluation of new citrus rootstocks for 'Tahiti' lime production in southern Florida. Proceeding of Florida. State Horticultural Society, 117, 174-181.", "Cermeli, M., Morales, P., y Godoy, F. (1999). Presencia del psilido asi\u00e1tico de los c\u00edtricos Diaphorina citri Kuwayama en Venezuela. En Taller de Resultados de Investigaci\u00f3n en Frutales: c\u00edtricos, aguacate, mango y mus\u00e1ceas. Maracay, Venezuela. Publicaci\u00f3n Especial No. 5. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agr\u00edcolas (INIA). Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agron\u00f3micas (CENIAP).", "Citrus Budwood Annual Report 2020-20. (2020). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service. Bureau of Citrus Budwood Registration. 23 p. https://www.fdcs.gov>content>download>file", "Crozzoli, R. y Gonz\u00e1lez. A. (1989). Reacci\u00f3n de once patrones de c\u00edtricos al nematodo Tylenchulus semipenetrans. Agronom\u00eda Tropical, 39(4-6), 270-279.", "Dutt, M., Nielsen, E., y Grosser, J. (2017). Finger lime could be a new crop for Citrus. Citrus Industry News. Citrus Industry Magazine March 2, 2017.", "Donadio, L. C., Lederman, I. E., Roberto, S. R., y Stucchi, E. S. (2019). Dwarfing-canopy and rootstocks cultivars for fruit trees. Jaboticabal, Brazil. Revista Brasilera de Fruticultura, 41(3), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org /10.1590/0100-29452019997", "Ferguson, J. J. y Timmer, L. W. (1987). Section IX-Phytophthora diseases of citrus. Gainesville, Florida. En J. L. Knapp (Ed.), Florida Citrus Integrated Pest and Crop Management Handbook. Institute of Food and Agriculture Service (IFAS). Florida Cooperative Extension Service.", "Figueiredo, J. O., Stuchi, E. S., Donadio, L. C., Sobrinho, J. T., Laranjeira, F. F., Pio, R. M., y Sempionato, O. R. (2002). Porta-enxertos para a lima-\u00e1cida-'Tahiti' na regi\u00e3o de Bebedouro, SP. Sao Paulo, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 24(1), 155-159.", "Grosser, J., Gmitter, F., y Bowman, K. (2020). New rootstocks in de Citrus breeding pipeline. Research, Rootstock. Florida. USA. Citrus Industry Magazine, July 15, 2020. Citrusindustry.net/2020/07/15/new-rootstocks-in-the-citrus-breeding-pipeline/", "Kaplan, D. T. y Timmer, L. W. (1987). Section X-Nematodes Pest of Citrus. En J. L. Knapp (Ed.), Florida Citrus Integrated Pest and Crop Management Handbook. Institute of Food and Agriculture Service (IFAS). Florida Cooperative Extension Service.", "Killiny, N., Valim, M. F., Jones, S. E., Omar, A. A., Hijaz, F., Gmitter, F. G., y Grosser, J. W. (2017). Metabolically speaking: possible reasons behind the tolerance of 'Sugar Belle' mandarin hybrid to huanglongbing. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 116, 36-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy/2017.05.00/", "Lee, R. F., Baker P. S., y Rocha-Pe\u00f1a M. A. (1994). The Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). An introduction to current priorities, with special reference to the worsening situation to Central America and the Caribbean. International Institute for Biological Control, CAB International, FAO.", "Mademba-Sy, F., Cao-Van, Ph., y Pancarte, C. (1993). Use of dwarfing citrus rootstocks for the establishment of high-density orchards under tropical climatic conditions. South Africa In Proceedings IV Congress of the International Society Citrus Nurseryman, p 334-345.", "Mademba-Sy, F., Lamere-Deprez, Z., y Lebegin, S. (2012). Use of Flying Dragon trifolia orange as dwarfing rootstock for Citrus under tropical climate conditions. HortScience, 47 (1), 1-11.", "Marys, E., Mejias, R., Rodriguez-Roman, E., Mejias, A., y Mago, M. (2021). Citrus Huanglongbing in Venezuela: partial distribution and relative incidence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in central-northern states. Agronom\u00eda Tropical 71: e4605364.2021 https://10.5281/zenodo.4605364", "Marys, E., Rodriguez-Roman, E., y Mejias, R., Y. (2020). First report on molecular evidence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus associated with citrus huanglongbing in Venezuela. Journal of Plant Pathology, 102, 1333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s4216-020-00616-0", "Matos, L. A., Hilf, M. E., Cayetano, X. A., F\u00e9lix, A. O., Harper, S. J. y Folimonova, S. Y. (2013). Dramatic change in Citrus tristeza virus populations in Dominican Republic. Plant Disease, 97 (3), 339-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-12-0421-RE.", "Milla, D., Arizaleta, y M., D\u00edaz, L. (2009). Crecimiento del limero 'Tahiti' (Citrus latifolia Tan.) y desarrollo del fruto sobre cuatro portainjertos en un huerto frutal ubicado en el municipio Palavecino del estado Lara, Venezuela. Maturin, Monagas. Revista UDO Agr\u00edcola, 9(1), 85-95.", "Monteverde Soto, E. E., Cabrera Fermin, G. J., Rey Brina, J. C., y Luque Mirabal, O. (2020). Vivero de c\u00edtricos protegidos (VCP) para La producci\u00f3n de plantas libres de enfermedades y plagas en Venezuela: una propuesta. Petroglifos Revista Critica Transdisicplinar, 3(2): 16-38. https://petroglifosrevistacritica.org.ve/revista/viveros-de-citricos-protegidos-vcp-para-la-produccion-de-plantas-certificadas-libres-de-enfermedades-y-plagas-en-venezuela-una-propuesta/", "Monteverde, E. E., Laborem, G., Avilan, W., Ruiz, J. R., y Rodr\u00edguez, M. (2005). Evaluaci\u00f3n del naranjo California ('Washington Navel') citrus sinensis, Osb. en los Valles Altos de Carabobo-Venezuela 1994-2000. Agronom\u00eda Tropical, 55(2), 265-288.", "Monteverde, E. E., Laborem, G., Ruiz, J. R., Espinoza, M., y Guerra, C. (1996). Evaluaci\u00f3n del naranjo Valencia sobre siete patrones en los Valles Altos Carabobo-Yaracuy, Venezuela. 1984-1991. Agronom\u00eda Tropical, 46(4), 371-393.", "Monteverde, E. E., Marin R., C., y Ruiz J. R.. (2007). Estudio de algunas caracter\u00edsticas del fruto de ocho portainjertos para c\u00edtricos. Agronom\u00eda Tropical, 57(3), 189-195.", "NMX-FF-077-1996 (1990). Normas alimenticias no industrializadas para el consumo humano, fruta fresca, Lim\u00f3n Persa (Citrus latifolia Tan.). M\u00e9xico Especificaciones. Direcci\u00f3n General de Normas.", "Pi\u00f1a-Dumolin, G. J., Laborem E, G., Monteverde, E. E., Maga\u00f1a-Lemus, S., Espinoza, M., y Rangel, L. A. (2006). Producci\u00f3n, Crecimiento y Calidad de los Frutos en el Limero 'Persa' sobre 11 Portainjertos. Agronom\u00eda Tropical, 56(3), 443-448.", "Pi\u00f1a-Dumoulin, G., Rangel, L., y Espinoza, M. (2005). Portainjertos para la producci\u00f3n de lima 'Persa'. CENIAP HOY. Revista Digital CENIAP, 9: 1-7. http://www.ceniap.gov.ve/ceniaphoy/articulos/n9/art/pina.g/.html.", "Quijada, O., Jim\u00e9nez, O., Matheus, M., y Monteverde, E. (2002). Evaluaci\u00f3n del limero Tahit\u00ed sobre 10 portainjertos en la planicie de Maracaibo. Revista de la Facultad de Agronom\u00eda de la Universidad del Zulia, 9, 173-184.", "Rond\u00f3n, A., Hung, G. y Reyes, F. (1993). Reacciones de patrones c\u00edtricos a Phythophthora nicotoanae. B. de Haan. var. paras\u00edtica (Dastur) Waterh, en condiciones de umbr\u00e1culo. Agronomia Tropical, 43(3-4), 117-125.", "Salibe A. A. y Cereda, E. E. (1984). Limitations on the use of Volkamer lemon as rootstocks for Citrus. Riverside, California. Proceedings of the 9\u00b0 Conference of the International Organization Citrus Virologist (IOCV), 9, 371-374.", "Stenzel, C. N. M. y Neves, C.S.V. (2004). Rootstock for 'Tahiti' Lime. Scientia Agricola, 62(2), 151-155. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162004000200005.", "Tourism and industrial develoment of Trinidad and Tobago. (1997). Quality and Professionalism: The keys of Competitive Export. XVTH ACP-EU Meeting. Import of Horticultural Products in the European Union 1991-1995. Trinidad and Tobago.", "Valbuena, M. (1996). Evaluaci\u00f3n del lim\u00f3n Volkameriano (Citrus volkameriana Pasq.) y mandarina Cleopatra (Citrus reshni Hort.) como patrones de la lima Persa (Citrus latifolia Tan.) en la cuenca media del rio Guasare, sierra de Perij\u00e1, estado Zulia, Venezuela. Revista de la Facultad de Agronom\u00eda de la Universidad del Zulia (LUZ), 13, 130-159.", "Wutscher, H. K., Bowman, K. D. (1999). Performance of 'Valencia' on 21 rootstocks in Central Florida. HortScience, 34, 622-624.", "Zhao, X. Y. (1981). Citrus yellow shoot disease (Huanglongbing) in China- A. Review. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture, 1, 466-469."]}

Resumen El Huanglongbing (HLB) fue detectado en Venezuela en el año 2017. Es causada por la bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus y transmitida por el psilido asiático de los cítricos (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), hallado en el país en 1999. La enfermedad ha causado la muerte de millones de árboles de cítricos en Asia y América, y hasta ahora no existen portainjertos ni cultivares comerciales tolerantes a la enfermedad, excepto el mandarino ‘Sugar Belle’®. Los portainjertos Volkameriano (Citrus volkameriana Pasq.), Cleopatra (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.) y Citrumelo Swingle (Citrus paradisi Macf. x Poncirus trifoliata Raf.) fueron los más usados en Venezuela antes de la llegada del HLB. Existen pocos ensayos donde se haya evaluado el limero ‘Persa’ por largo tiempo sobre los nuevos portainjertos, la mayoría de los ensayos son con naranjos dulces (Citrus sinensis Osb.). Se han creado miles de nuevos portainjertos para cítricos y entre estos se destacan US-942 (mandarino ‘Sunki’ Citrus sunki Hayata x Flying Dragon P. trifoliata), US-812 (‘Sunki’ x Benecke P. trifoliata) y US-897 (Cleopatra x Flying Dragon) los cuales, son moderadamente tolerantes al HLB. Flying Dragon, considerado el único portainjerto enanizante para cítricos y sembrado a altas densidades con ‘Persa’, induce mayor producción en t.ha-1; pero su tolerancia a HLB requiere ser evaluada. En esta publicación se hace una revisión bibliográfica de como los portainjertos que se han usado en Venezuela y algunos de los nuevos portainjertos influencian a ‘Persa’ en cuanto a vigor de los árboles, productividad, calidad del fruto; y toleran factores bióticos y abióticos, así como HLB. Abstract Huanglongbing (HLB) was detected in Venezuela in 2017. It is caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), found in the country in 1999. The disease has caused the death of tens of millions of citrus trees in Asia and America and so far there are no commercial rootstocks or cultivars tolerant to the disease, except for the ‘Sugar Belle’® mandarin. Volkameriano (Citrus volkameriana Pasq.), Cleopatra (Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tan.) and Citrumelo Swingle (Citrus paradisi Macf. x Poncirus trifoliata Raf.) rootstocks were the most widely used in Venezuela before the arrival of HLB. There are few trials where the ‘Persian’ lime tree has been evaluated for a long time on the new rootstocks, most of the trials are with sweet orange trees (Citrus sinensis Osb.). Thousands of new citrus rootstocks have been developed and among these are US-942 (‘Sunki’ Citrus sunki Hayata x Flying Dragon P. trifoliata), US-812 (‘Sunki’ x Benecke P. trifoliata) and US-897 (Cleopatra x Flying Dragon) which are moderately tolerant to HLB. Flying Dragon, considered the only dwarfing rootstock for citrus and planted at high densities with ‘Persa’, induces higher production in t.ha-1; but its tolerance to HLB needs to be evaluated. This publication provides a literature review of how rootstocks that have been used in Venezuela and some of the new rootstocks influence ‘Persa’ in terms of tree vigor, productivity, fruit quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors, as well as HLB.