This case study is part of a series that has been produced within the study on “Risks and Trust in pursuit of a well-functioning PID infrastructure for research” commissioned by the Knowledge Exchange in July 2021. The main outcome of this work is a report examining the current PID landscape with an emphasis on its risks and trust-related issues. The case study aims to explore the challenges faced and the opportunities offered by the gradual implementation of emerging PIDs. The main focus of this case study is on persistent identifiers for research instruments and facilities but the analysis addresses emerging PID infrastructure and therefore has links to other PID areas like persistent identifiers for conferences (ConfIDs) and – to a certain extent – to PIDs addressed in other case studies such as IGSNs for samples and ROR IDs for organisational identifiers. The report, Building the Plane as We Fly It: the Promise of Persistent Identifiers, and remaining complementary case studies have also been published.