Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:40. TYPE LOCALITY: "Europa, Asia, Africa, antrafodiens," restricted by Thomas (1911a), to " Sweden (Upsala)." DISTRIBUTION: Europe and continental Asia except the tundra; N India and peninsular Indochina; Japan; Palearctic Africa; N America as far south as Texas and New Mexico (USA), but absent in part of the Central Plains and the Arctic. Introduced to Australia; see Corbet and Hill (1980:93). STATUS: CITES - Appendix III (India) as V. v. griffithi, V. v. montana, and V. v. pusilla (= leucopus). SYNONYMS: abietorum Merriam, 1900; acaab Cabrera, 1916; aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816; alascensis Merriam, 1900; alba Borkhausen, 1797; algeriensis Loche, 1858; alopex Blanford, 1881; alpherakyi Satunin, 1906; alticola Ognev, 1926; anadyrensis J. A. Allen, 1903; anatolica Thomas, 1920; anubis Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833; arabica Thomas, 1902; atlantica Wagner, 1841; aurantioluteus Matschie, 1907; bangsi Merriam, 1900; barbarus Shaw, 1800; beringiana Middendorff, 1875; cascadensis Merriam, 1900; caucasico Dinnik, 1914; cinera Bechstein, 1801; communis Burnett, 1830; crucigera Bechstein, 1789; daurica Ognev, 1931; deletrix Bangs, 1898; dolichocrania Ognev, 1926; dorsalis Gray, 1837; eckloni Jacobi, 1923; flavescens Gray, 1843; fulvus Desmarest, 1820; griffithii Blyth, 1854; harrimani Merriam, 1900; himalaicus Ogilby, 1836; hoole Swinhoe, 1870; huli Sowerby, 1923; hypomelas Wagner, 1841; ichnusae Miller, 1907; indutus Miller, 1907; jakutensis Ognev, 1923; japonica Gray, 1868; kamtschadensis Brass, 1911; karagan Erxleben, 1777; kenaiensis Merriam, 1900; kiyomasai Kishida and Mori, 1929; krimeamontana Brauner, 1914; kurdistanica Satunin, 1906; ladacensis Matschie, 1907; leucopus Blyth, 1854; lineatus Billberg, 1827; lineiventer Swinhoe, 1870; lutea Bechstein, 1801; macrourus Baird, 1852; melanogaster Bonaparte, 1832; melanotus Pallas, 1811; meridionalis Fitzinger, 1855; montana Pearson, 1836; necator Merriam, 1900; nepalensis Gray, 1837; nigra Borkhausen, 1797; nigro-argenteus Nillson, 1820; nigrocaudatus Billberg, 1827; niloticus Desmarest, 1820; ochroxantha Ognev, 1926; palaestina Thomas, 1920; peculiosa Kishida, 1924; pennsylvanicus Rhoads, 1894; persicus Blanford, 1875; pusilla Blyth, 1854; regalis Merriam, 1900; rubricosa Bangs, 1898; schrencki Kishida, 1924; silaceus Miller, 1907; sitkaensis Brass, 1911; splendens Thomas, 1902; splendidissima Kishida, 1924; stepensis Brauner, 1914; tobolica Ognev, 1926; tschiliensis Matschie, 1907; ussuriensis Dybowski, 1922; vafra Bangs, 1897; variagatus Billberg, 1827; vulgaris Oken, 1816; vulpecula Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833; waddelli Bonhote, 1906.

{"references": ["Thomas, O. 1911 a. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911: 120 - 158.", "Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1980. A world list of mammalian species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.", "Cabrera, A. 1916. El tipo de Philander laniger Desm. en el Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 16: 514 - 517.", "Shaw, G. 1800. General zoology or systematic natural history. G. Kearsley, London, 12: 1 - 330.", "Ognev, S. I. 1931. Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii: Khishchnye mlekopitayushchie [Mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia: Carnivorous mammals]. Glavnauka, Moscow, 2: 1 - 776 (in Russian).", "Gray, J. E. 1837 [1838]. On a new species of paradoxure (Paradoxurus derbianus) with remarks on some Mammalia recently purchased by the British Museum, and characters of the new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1837: 67.", "Gray, J. E. 1843. List of the specimens of Mammalia in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History) Publications, London, 216 pp.", "Desmarest, A. G. 1820, 1822. Mammalogie ou description des espece de mammiferes. Encyclopedie Methodique. Agasse, Paris, 555 pp., 66 plates.", "Sowerby, A. de C. 1923. The naturalist in Manchuria. Tientsin Press Ltd. [China], 2: xxvii + 191.", "Erxleben, J. C. P. 1777. Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates, cum synonymia et historia animalium. Classis I. Mammalia. Weygandianis, Lipsiae, 636 pp.", "Pallas, P. S. 1811 [1831]. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium Animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicillia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. [ICZN Opinion 212 -- dates of volumes: 1 & 2: 1811; 3: 1814]. Petropoli, in officina Caes. acadamiae scientiarum. 3 vol. [official date of publ for vol 1 - 1811 impress], 1: 1 - 568."]}

Published as part of W. Christopher Wozencraft, 1993, Order Carnivora, pp. 279-348 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 287, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7359191