This catalog presents adjustable stiffness, damping, and impedance elements. Adjustable impedance elements are machine elements that consist of a separately adjustable stiffness mechanism and damping mechanism. The selection catalog gives information about design space, standardized interfaces, degree of freedom, control possibilities, range of frequency, range of stiffness and damping, inertia, load range, displacement, working principle, used material, manufacturing technique, and manufacturing costs. Scientists or developers who are conducting their own research on adjustable impedance elements or who need specific impedance elements for their test benches will be supported in the selection of elements, their design, and their use by this catalog. Future developers of such elements can extend this catalog but are required to fill in the information on all criteria and adhere to the given standardized interfaces.

This work is contributed equally by all three authors. This research was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under proposal 399922375 and 275571425 and the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, Div. II) under Grant No. 178689 (Funder ID: 10.13039/501100001711).