{"references": ["Kishore N, Pindi P, Reddy R. Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms: A Critical Review. In: Bahadur B., Venkat Rajam M., Sahijram L., Krishnamurthy K. Eds. Plant Biol and Biotec. Springer, New Delhi 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2286-6_12", "Guschina I, Dobson G, Harwood J. Lipid metabolism in cultured lichen photobionts with different phosphorus status. Phytochemistry 2003; 64(1): 209\u2013217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00279-6.", "Geissert D, Iba\u00f1ez A. Calidad y ambiente fisicoqu\u00edmico de los suelos. In Manson RH, Hern\u00e1ndez V, Gallina S, Mehltreter K. Eds. Agroecosistemas cafetaleros del estado de Veracruz: Biodiversidad, manejo y conservaci\u00f3n. Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda AC, Xalapa, M\u00e9xico 2008.", "Rinc\u00f3n E, Guti\u00e9rrez A. Din\u00e1mica del ciclo del nitr\u00f3geno y f\u00f3sforo en suelos. Rev Colomb de Biotecnol 2012; 14(1): 285-295.", "Molina M, Escudey M, Antil\u00e9n M, Arancibia-Miranda N, Manqui\u00e1n K. Distribution of contaminant trace metals inadvertently provided by phosphorus fertilisers: movement, chemical fractions and mass balances in contrasting acidic soils. Environ Geochem Health 2018; 40, 2491\u20132509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0115-y", "Heged\u0171s M, T\u00f3th-Bodrogi E, N\u00e9meth S, Somlai J, Kov\u00e1cs T, Heged\u0171s M, T\u00f3th-Bodrogi E, N\u00e9meth S, Somlai J, Kov\u00e1cs T. Radiological investigation of phosphate fertilizers: Leaching studies. J Environ Radioact 2017; 173, 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.10.006", "Navarro G. Qu\u00edmica agr\u00edcola: el suelo y los elementos qu\u00edmicos esenciales para la vida. Ediciones Mundi Prensa. Madrid, Espa\u00f1a 2003.", "Nannipieri P, Giagnoni L, Landi L, Renella G. Role of Phosphatase Enzymes in Soil. In: B\u00fcnemann E, Oberson A, Frossard E. Eds. Phosphorus in Action. Soil Biology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15271-9_9", "Sharma SB, Sayyed RZ, Trivedi MH, Gobi TA. Phosphate solubilizing microbes: sustainable approach for managing phosphorus deficiency in agricultural soils. Springerplus. 2013.", "Illmer P, Barbato A, Schinner F. Solubilization of hardly-soluble AlPO4 with P-solubilizing microorganisms. Soil Biol Biochem 1995; 27: 265\u2013270. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)00205-F", "Kang S, Pandey P, Khillon R, Maheshwari D. Process of rock phosphate solubilization by Aspergillus sp. PS 104 in soil amended medium. J Environ Biol 2008; 29(5): 743-746.", "Scervino J, Papinutti V, Godoy M, Rodr\u00edguez M, Della I, Recchi M, Pettinari M, Godeas A. Medium pH, carbon and nitrogen concentrations modulate the phosphate solubilization efficiency of Penicillium purpurogenum through organic acid production. J Applied Microbiol 2011; 10: 1215-1223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04972.x", "Sharma S, Kumar V, Tripathi R, Sharma S, Kumar V, Tripathi RB. Isolation of phosphate solubilizing microorganism (PSMs) from soil. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 1(2): 90-95.", "Yasser M, Mousa A, Massoud O, Nasr S. Solubilization of inorganic phosphate solubilizing fungi isolated from Egyptian soils. J Biol Earth Sci 2014; 4(1): B83-B90.", "Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA). Manual de Toma, Manejo y Env\u00edo de Muestras 2018; Tec\u00e1mac, M\u00e9xico.", "Bills G, Christensen M, Powell M, Thorn G. Saprobic soil fungi. In Foster MS, Bills GF, Mueller GM Eds. Biodiversity of fungi: Inventory and monitoring methods, San Diego (CA): Elsevier Academic Press 2004.", "Sundara W, Sinha M. Phosphate dissolving organisms in the soil and rhizosphere. Indian J Sci 1963;33: 272-278.", "Vitorino L, Silva F, Soares M, Souchie E, Costa A, Lima W. Solubilization of calcium and iron phosphate and in vitro production of Indoleacetic acid by Endophytic isolates of Hyptis marrubioides Epling (Lamiaceae). Int J Biotechnol 2012; 3(4): 47-54.", "Silva G, Vidor C. Solubiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de fostatos por microrganismos na presen\u00e7a de fontes de carbono. Rev Bras Cienc Solo 2000; 24(2): 311-319.", "Clesceri S, Greenberg A, Trusell R. M\u00e9todos normalizados para el an\u00e1lisis de aguas potables y residuales. Editorial D\u00edaz Santos. Espa\u00f1a 1992.", "StatSoft Inc. Statistica para Windows v.7.0. 2007. Data analysis software system. Tulsa.", "Posada R, Heredia G, Sieverding E. S\u00e1nchez de Prager M. Solubilization of iron and calcium phosphates by soil fungi isolated from coffee plantations. Arch Agron Soil Sci 2013; 59(2): 185-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2011.610030", "Gonz\u00e1lez-Osorio H, Botero E, Rivera D, Vega W. Screening for phosphate-solubilizing fungi from colombian andisols cultivated with coffee (Coffea arabica L.). Coffee Science 2020; https://doi.org/10.25186/.v15i.1666", "Fenice M, Selbman L, Federici F, Vassilev N. Application of encapsulated Penicillium variabile P16 in solubilization of rock phosphate. Bioresour Technol 2000; 73(2): 157-162.", "Khan MR., Khan SM. Effects of root-dip treatment with certain phosphate solubilizing microorganisms on the fusarial wilt of tomato. Bioresour Technol 2002; 85(2): 213-215.", "Pandey A, Das N, Kumar B, Rinu K, Trivedi P. Phosphate solubilization by Penicillium spp. isolated from soil samples of Indian Himalayan region. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 24(1): 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9444-1", "Morales A, Alvear M, Valenzuela E, Castillo C, Borie F. Screening, evaluation and selection of phosphate-solubilising fungi as potential biofertiliser. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 2011; 11(4): 89-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162011000400007", "Rathore P, Phanse N, Patel B. Screening for microorganisms possessing phosphate solubilizing potential. Indian J Sci Res 2014; 3(1): 172-174.", "Gizaw B, Tsegay Z, Tefera G, Aynalem E, Wassie M, Abatneh E. Phosphate solubilizing fungi isolated and characterized from Teff rhizosphere soil collected from North Showa zone, Ethiopia. Afr J Microbiol Res 2017; 11(17): 687-696. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2017.8525", "Altomare C, Norvell W, Bj\u00f6rkman T, Harman G. Solubilization of phosphates and micronutrients by the plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65 (7): 2926-2933.", "Jacobs H, Boswell G, Ritz K, Davidson F, Gadd G. Solubilization of calcium phosphate as a consequence of carbon translocation by Rhizoctonia solani. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2002; 40 (1): 65-71.", "Duponnois R, Kisa M, Plenchette C. Phosphate\u2010solubilizing potential of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 2006; 169 (2): 280-282. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200520551", "Kaur T, Devi R, Kour D, Yadav A, Yadav A, Dikilitas M, Saxena A. Plant growth promoting soil microbiomes and their potential implications for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Biologia 2021; 76(9): 2687-2709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00806-w", "Verma A, Ekka A. Isolation, screening and assessment of phosphate solubilizing efficiency of some fungal isolates of Raipur, Chhattisgarh. J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol 2015; 1(1): 29-39.", "Yadav J, Verma J, Yadav S, Tiwari K. Effect of salt concentration and pH on soil inhabiting fungus Penicillium citrunum Thom. for solubilization of tricalcium phosphate. Microbiol J 2011; 1(1): 25-32.", "Hajjam Y, Cherkaoui S. The influence of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms on symbiotic nitrogen fixation: Perspectives for sustainable agriculture. J Mater 2017; 8(3): 801-808.", "Hern\u00e1ndez-Leal T, Carri\u00f3n G, Heredia G. Solubilizaci\u00f3n in vitro de fosfatos por una cepa de Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson. Agrociencia 2011;45(8): 881-892.", "Perea Y. Estudio preliminar del potencial solubilizador de fosfato tric\u00e1lcico por micromicetos saprobios de suelos del Estado de Veracruz. Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Veracruzana 2013. https://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/680407", "El\u00edas F, Woyessa D, Muleta D. Phosphate solubilization potential of rhizosphere fungi isolated from plants in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. International Journal of Microbiology 2016; 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5472601", "Romero-Fern\u00e1ndez A, Arias RM, Mendoza-Villarreal R. Aislamiento y selecci\u00f3n de hongos de suelo solubilizadores de f\u00f3sforo nativos del estado de Coahuila, M\u00e9xico. Acta Bot\u00e1nica Mexicana 2019; 126:1-16. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm126.2019.1390", "Saxena J, Basu P, Jaligam V, Chandra S. Phosphate solubilization by a few fungal strains belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Afr J Microbiol Res 2013; 7(41): 4862-4869. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2013.5991", "Moreno-Quevedo A, Osorio N, Gonz\u00e1lez O. Disoluci\u00f3n in vitro de fosfato de roca acidulado por microorganismos solubilizadores de fosfato. Acta Biol Colomb 2015; 20(2): 65-71. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v20n2.42713", "Lima-Rivera D, L\u00f3pez-Lima D, Desgarennes D, Vel\u00e1zquez-Rodr\u00edguez A, Carri\u00f3n G. Phosphate solubilization by fungi with nematicidal potential. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 2016; 16(2): 507-524. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162016005000042", "Selvi K, Paul J, Vijaya V, Saraswathi K. Analyzing the Efficacy of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms. Enrichment Culture Techniques. Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 3(1): 7-1.", "Li Z, Bai T, Dai L, Wang F, Tao J, Meng S, Hu S. A study of organic acid production in contrasts between two phosphate solubilizing fungi: Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus niger. Sci Rep 2016; 6(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25313", "S\u00e1nchez-de Prager M, Cisneros-Rojas CA. Organic acids production by rhizosphere microorganisms isolated from a Typic melanudands and its effects on the inorganic phosphates solubilization. Acta Agron 2017; 66(2): 241-247. https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v66n2.56148", "Nasr S, Mousa A, Marzouk M, Yasser M. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of organic acids produced by phosphate solubilizing fungi. Egypt J Bot 2021; 61(1): 167-176.", "S\u00e1nchez C, Vi\u00f1a A. Aspergillus y pulm\u00f3n. Arch Bronconeumol 2004; 40(3), 114-122.", "Cuan A. El diagn\u00f3stico diferencial de Aspergillus fumigatus es una necesidad en ambientes carbon\u00edferos. Biociencias 2014; 9(2): 87-96.", "Vargas J, V\u00e9lez J, Chalela N. Aspergillus, un asesino desconocido. Acta Neurol Colomb 2021; 37(1), 112-116. https://doi.org/10.22379/24224022342", "Mittal V, Singh O, Nayyar H, Kaur J, Tewari R. Stimulatory effect of phosphate-solubilizing fungal strains (Aspergillus awamori and Penicillium citrinum) on the yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. GPF2). Soil Biol. Biochem. 2008; 40(3): 718-727.", "Paredes-Mendoza M, Espinosa-Victoria D. \u00c1cidos org\u00e1nicos producidos por rizobacterias que solubilizan fosfato: una revisi\u00f3n cr\u00edtica. Terra Latinoamericana 2010; 28(1): 61-70.", "Jones D, Oburger E. Solubilizaci\u00f3n del f\u00f3sforo por microorganismos del suelo. In Phosphorus in action. Springer, Berl\u00edn, Heidelberg 2011.", "De Oliveira G, Moreira A, Liparini O, Ribeiro I, Bojkov N, Dutra M. Mechanisms of phosphate solubilization by fungal isolates when exposed to different P sources. Ann Microbiol 2014; 64(1): 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-013-0656-3", "G\u00f3mez-Gui\u00f1\u00e1n Y, Zabala M. Determinaci\u00f3n de la capacidad solubilizadora del P en hongos aislados de la riz\u00f3sfera del mani (Arachis hypogaea L.). Saber 2001; 13(1): 8-13.", "Chuang CC, Kuo YL, Chao CC, ChaoWL. Solubilization of inorganic phosphates and plant growth promotion by Aspergillus niger. Biol Fertil Soils 2007; 43: 575-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-006-0140-3", "Fern\u00e1ndez M, Rodr\u00edguez H. El papel de la solubilizaci\u00f3n de f\u00f3sforo en los biofertilizantes microbianos. ICIDCA. Sobre los Derivados de la ca\u00f1a de az\u00facar 2005; 39(3): 27-34.", "Barroso C, Pereira G, Nahas E. Solubilizaci\u00f3n de CaHPO4 y AlPO4 por Aspergillus niger en medios de cultivo con diferentes fuentes de carbono y nitr\u00f3geno. Braz J Microbiol 2006; 37: 434-438.", "Walpola B, Yoon M. Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their co-inoculation efficiency on tomato plant growth and phosphorous uptake. Afr J Microbiol Res; 2012; 6(37): 6600-6605."]}

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El suelo donde se cultiva el café generalmente tiene un pH ácido y una baja disponibilidad de nutrientes entre ellos el fósforo, por lo que los productores recurren a la aplicación de fertilizantes principalmente fosfatados. Sin embargo, la aplicación excesiva de estos agroquímicos puede conducir a pérdida de la fertilidad del suelo ya que ocasionan perturbación en la diversidad microbiana y en sus actividades metabólicas asociadas. En este contexto, los hongos solubilizadores de fósforo cobran relevancia. Este grupo de hongos mediante procesos de acidificación, quelación, reacciones de intercambio y producción de ácidos orgánicos favorecen la disponibilidad de las fracciones de fósforo en el suelo. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad fosfato solubilizadora de calcio de hongos aislados de la rizosfera de plantas de café Coffea arabica var. Costa Rica provenientes de Jilotepec, Veracruz. Método: Para ello, se aislaron y seleccionaron cepas con capacidad fosfato solubilizadora, se analizó la eficiencia relativa de solubilización y a las cepas con mayores índices se les cuantificó el contenido de fósforo solubilizado en medio de cultivo líquido. Además, se midió el pH y el porcentaje de acidez de cada uno de los extractos para relacionarlo con la solubilización. Resultados y discusión: En total se aislaron 225 cepas de hongos nativos de suelos cafetaleros, entre los que destacan los géneros Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Cladosporium y Trichoderma. Del total de cepas aisladas, el 70% de ellas presentaron actividad fosfato solubilizadora. En la evaluación cualitativa, las cepas de Penicillium RA5 y RA7 presentaron los mayores índices de eficiencia de solubilización y en la evaluación cuantitativa la cepa de Penicillium RA14 presentó el mayor contenido de fósforo soluble en el medio líquido. Con la realización de este trabajo se pretende promover el uso de los hongos solubilizadores de fósforo nativos de cafetales para la creación de Bionoculantes. ABSTRACT Background: The soil where coffee is grown generally has an acid pH and a low availability of nutrients, including phosphorus, because of these producers apply phosphate fertilizers mainly. However, the excessive application of these agrochemicals can lead to loss of soil fertility since they cause disturbance in the microbial diversity and in its associated metabolic activities. In this context, phosphorus solubilizing fungi become relevant. This group of fungi stimulate the availability of phosphorus fractions in the soil through processes of acidification, chelation, exchange reactions and production of organic acids. Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the calcium phosphate solubilizing capacity of fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of coffee plants Coffea arabica var. Costa Rica from Jilotepec, Veracruz. Methods: To achieve it, strains with phosphate solubilizing capacity were isolated and selected, the relative solubilization efficiency was analyzed and the strains with the highest rates were quantified for the content of solubilized phosphorus in liquid culture medium. In addition, the pH and the percentage of acidity of each one of the extracts were measured to relate it to solubilization. Results and discussion: In total, 225 strains of native fungi from coffee soils were isolated, among them genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Cladosporium and Trichoderma were highlighted. The 70% of the total isolated strains presented phosphate solubilizing activity. In the qualitative evaluation, the Penicillium RA5 and RA7 strains presented the highest rates of solubilization efficiency and in the quantitative evaluation, the Penicillium RA14 strain presented the highest content of soluble phosphorus in the liquid medium. Overall results of this work will be the base to promote the use of native phosphorus-solubilizing fungi from coffee plantations for the creation of bioinoculants.