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Machine Ethics and African Identities: Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence in Africa

Authors: Kohnert, Dirk;

Machine Ethics and African Identities: Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence in Africa

Abstract

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been embraced enthusiastically by Africans as a new resource for African development. AI could improve well-being by enabling innovation in business, education, health, ecology, urban planning, industry, etc. However, the high expectations could be little more than pious wishes. There are still too many open questions regarding the transfer required, and the selection of appropriate technology and its mastery. Given that the 'technology transfer' concept of modernization theories of the 1960s utterly failed because it had not been adapted to local needs, some scholars have called for an endogenous concept of African AI. However, this caused a lot of controversies. Africa became a battlefield of 'digital empires' of global powers due to its virtually non-existent digital infrastructure. Still, African solutions to African problems would be needed. Additionally, the dominant narratives and default settings of AI-related technologies have been denounced as male, gendered, white, heteronormative, powerful, and western. The previous focus on the formal sector is also questionable. Innovators from the informal sector and civil society, embedded in the local sociocultural environment but closely linked to transnational social spaces, often outperform government development efforts. UNESCO also warned that the effective use of AI in Africa requires the appropriate skills, legal framework and infrastructure. As in the past, calls by African politicians for a pooling of resources, a pan-African strategy, were probably in vain. AI may develop fastest in the already established African technology hubs of South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya. But promising AI-focused activities have also been identified in Ethiopia and Uganda. Gender equality, cultural and linguistic diversity, and changes in labour markets would also be required for AI to enhance rather than undermine socioeconomic inclusion. In addition, ethical questions related to a specific African identity have been raised. The extent to which African ideas of humanity and humanitarianism should be taken into account when developing an African AI remains an open question. In short, calling for the rapid deployment of AI in Africa could be a double-edged sword. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ RÉSUMÉ : L'intelligence artificielle (IA) a été accueillie avec enthousiasme par les Africains comme une nouvelle ressource pour le développement de l'Afrique. L'IA pourrait améliorer le bien-être en permettant l'innovation dans les affaires, l'éducation, la santé, l'écologie, l'urbanisme, l'industrie, etc. Cependant, les attentes élevées pourraient n'être rien de plus que des vœux pieux. Il y a encore trop de questions ouvertes sur le transfert nécessaire, le choix de la technologie appropriée et sa maîtrise. Étant donné que le concept de « transfert de technologie » des théories de la modernisation des années 1960 a complètement échoué parce qu'il n'avait pas été adapté aux besoins locaux, certains chercheurs ont appelé à un concept endogène de l'IA africaine. Cependant, cela a provoqué de nombreuses controverses. L'Afrique est devenue un champ de bataille des empires numériques» des puissances mondiales en raison de son infrastructure numérique pratiquement inexistante. Pourtant, des solutions africaines aux problèmes africains seraient nécessaires. De plus, les récits dominants et les paramètres par défaut des technologies liées à l'IA ont été dénoncés comme masculins, sexués, blancs, hétéronormatifs, puissants et occidentaux. L'accent mis précédemment sur le secteur formel est également discutable. Les innovateurs du secteur informel et de la société civile, ancrés dans l'environnement socioculturel local, mais étroitement liés aux espaces sociaux transnationaux, surpassent souvent les efforts de développement du gouvernement. L'UNESCO a également averti que l'utilisation efficace de l'IA en Afrique nécessite des compétences, un cadre juridique et une infrastructure appropriés. Comme par le passé, les appels des politiques africains à une mutualisation des ressources, une stratégie panafricaine, ont probablement été vains. L'IA pourrait se développer plus rapidement dans les pôles technologiques africains déjà établis que sont l'Afrique du Sud, le Nigeria et le Kenya. Mais des activités prometteuses axées sur l'IA ont également été identifiées en Éthiopie et en Ouganda. L'égalité des sexes, la diversité culturelle et linguistique et les changements sur les marchés du travail seraient également nécessaires pour que l'IA améliore plutôt que sape l'inclusion socio-économique. En outre, des questions éthiques liées à une identité africaine spécifique ont été soulevées. La mesure dans laquelle les idées africaines d'humanité et d'humanitarisme devraient être prises en compte lors du développement d'une IA africaine reste une question ouverte. Bref, appeler au déploiement rapide de l'IA en Afrique pourrait être une arme à double tranchant. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) wird von Afrikanern begeistert als neue Ressource für die afrikanische Entwicklung begrüßt. KI könnte ein verbessertes Wohlbefinden ermöglichen, indem sie Innovationen in den Bereichen Wirtschaft, Bildung, Gesundheit, Ökologie, Stadtplanung, Industrie usw. ermöglicht. Die hohen Erwartungen könnten jedoch kaum mehr als fromme Wünsche sein. Es gibt noch zu viele offene Fragen bezüglich des erforderlichen Transfers und der Auswahl geeigneter Technologie und ihrer Beherrschung. Angesichts dessen, dass das Konzept des „Technologietransfers“ der Modernisierungstheorien der 1960er-Jahre völlig gescheitert ist, weil es nicht an die lokalen Bedürfnisse angepasst war, forderten einige Wissenschaftler ein endogenes Konzept der afrikanischen KI. Dies löste jedoch heftige Kontroversen aus. Afrika wurde aufgrund seiner praktisch nicht vorhandenen digitalen Infrastruktur zu einem Schlachtfeld „digitaler Imperien“ globaler Mächte. Dennoch wären afrikanische Lösungen für afrikanische Probleme erforderlich. Darüber hinaus wurden die vorherrschenden Narrative und Standardeinstellungen von KI-bezogenen Technologien als männlich, geschlechtsspezifisch, weiß, heteronormativ, leistungsfähig und westlich angeprangert. Auch die bisherige Fokussierung auf den formellen Sektor ist fragwürdig. Innovatoren des informellen Sektors und der Zivilgesellschaft, eingebettet in das lokale soziokulturelle Umfeld, aber eng verbunden mit transnationalen sozialen Räumen, übertreffen oft die staatlichen Entwicklungsanstrengungen. Die UNESCO warnte ebenfalls davor, dass der effektive Einsatz von KI in Afrika entsprechende Fähigkeiten, den rechtlichen Rahmen und die Infrastruktur erfordert. Wie in der Vergangenheit war die Forderung afrikanischer Politiker nach einer Bündelung der Ressourcen, einer panafrikanischen Strategie, wohl vergebens. Möglicherweise wird sich KI in den bereits etablierten afrikanischen Technologiezentren Südafrika, Nigeria und Kenia am schnellsten entwickeln. Aber auch in Äthiopien und Uganda wurden vielversprechende KI-fokussierte Aktivitäten erkannt. Damit KI die sozioökonomische Inklusion verbessert, anstatt sie zu untergraben, wären auch Geschlechtergleichstellung, kulturelle und sprachliche Vielfalt und Veränderungen auf den Arbeitsmärkten erforderlich. Darüber hinaus werden ethische Fragen im Zusammenhang mit einer spezifischen afrikanischen Identität aufgeworfen. Inwieweit afrikanische Vorstellungen von Menschlichkeit und Humanität bei der Entwicklung einer afrikanischen KI berücksichtigt werden müssten, bleibt eine offene Frage. Kurz gesagt, die Forderung nach dem zügigen Einsatz von KI in Afrika könnte ein zweischneidiges Schwert sein.

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Germany
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Keywords

poverty, great power, J4 - Particular Labor Markets, Ethnologie, Kulturanthropologie, Ethnosoziologie, Underground Economy, F35 - Foreign Aid, Großmacht, informal sector, Armutsbekämpfung, Aggregate Labor Productivity, Sociology & anthropology, Afrikanische Union, South Africa, AI ethics, F15 - Economic Integration, Republik Südafrika, 30100, Uganda, internationale Beziehungen, African philosophy, Kenia, combating poverty, identity, informal learning, 50200, Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie, Ethnology, Cultural Anthropology, Ethnosociology, informeller Sektor, international relations, 10900, international trade, Wages, moral judgement, artificial intelligence, and Poverty, Afrikaner, Postkolonialismus, Äthiopien, Republic of South Africa, Big Data Analytics; moral values; AI ethics; African ethics; African philosophy; economic development; human development; informal sector; poverty; famine, international trade; global power; fragile state; African Studies [Innovation; Machine learning], 10500, Economic Development, Sociology of Science, Sociology of Technology, Research on Science and Technology, fragile states, Wissenschaftssoziologie, Wissenschaftsforschung, Technikforschung, Techniksoziologie, J46 - Informal Labor Markets, African ethics, E26 - Informal Economy, Human Development, Nigeria, Aggregate Human Capital, African Union, Intergenerational Income Distribution, Postcolonialism, informelles Lernen, African Studies, Artificial Intelligence, Afrika südlich der Sahara, Machine learning, F22 - International Migration, post-colonialism, Innovations, L26 - Entrepreneurship, Social sciences, sociology, anthropology, künstliche Intelligenz, Africa South of the Sahara, F54 - Colonialism, F63 - Economic Development, Well-Being, African, Imperialism, Identität, Kenya, I3 - Welfare, moralisches Urteil, Unemployment, Soziologie, Anthropologie, Africa, E24 - Employment, Ethiopia, 10400, 10200, ddc: ddc:300, ddc: ddc:301

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