This data repository contains geodynamic model input files and output data for a paper entitled: A tectonic-rules based mantle reference frame since 1 billion years ago – implications for supercontinent cycles and plate-mantle system evolution R. Dietmar Müller1, Nicolas Flament2, John Cannon1, Michael Tetley3, Simon E. Williams4, Xianzhi Cao5, Ömer F. Bodur2, Sabin Zahirovic1, and Andrew Merdith6 1EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 2GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, NSW 2522, Australia 3University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, 78758, United States 4Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069, China and EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 5Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System; Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China 6School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. The paper is in press in Solid Earth. Inputs and outputs of mantle flow models OPT1 and OPT2 Pre-processing This directory contains files used for pre-processing, i.e., creating files of thermal structure of the lithosphere and slabs, and tracer files. The codes used for pre-processing can be found here: https://github.com/EarthByte/citcoms/tree/master/pre_post_processing. File “config-template.cfg” contains all essential parameters (e.g., slab dip angle) for pre-processing, and should run with script “Create_History.py”. File “geodynamic_framework_defaults.conf” contains paths to input files for pre-processing. The input files mainly include global crustal age grids and reconstructed coastline data. The directory “coord” contains all coordinate files. Input This directory contains input files for running mantle flow models OPT1 and OPT2. “OPT1.input” contains input parameters for model OPT1 “OPT2.input” contains input parameters for model OPT2. “G5.coor.global.dat” is radial mesh refinement file. “new_2p5_6_T-H15_G5_di_formatted.dat” is the reference state file. The version of CitcomS that was modified for progressive assimilation of surface boundary conditions from plate reconstructions can be found here: https://github.com/EarthByte/citcoms. Output This directory contains outputs of mantle flow models OPT1 and OPT2. The directory “OPT1_temperature_anomaly_grids” contains temperature anomaly grids (NetCDF4 files) of model OPT1. The directory “OPT2_temperature_anomaly_grids” contains temperature anomaly grids (NetCDF4 files) of model OPT2. The directory “OPT1_3D_visualisation_ParaView” contains files required to visualise the evolution of mantle structure since one billion years ago predicted by case OPT1. The resolution has been decreased so that the visualisation can be carried out on a single processor. To open the visualisation, load the state file (StateFile/ OPT1-model.pvsm) in ParaView (ParaView 5.8.0 or later, make sure to select the option “Search files under specified directory” and select the directory containing the visualisation). Cluster maps The directory “Cluster_maps” contains present-day cluster maps for mantle flow models OPT1 and OPT2, as well as present-day cluster maps for the seven considered tomographic models. These cluster maps are provided as NetCDF3 files.